1.Rowing is a sport in which athletes race' against each other on river, lakes or on the ocean, (1) _____
on the type of race and the discipline. The boats are propelled by the reaction forces on the oar blades (2) _____ they are pushed against the water. The sport can be both recreational, focusing (3) _____ learning the techniques required, and competitive where overall fitness plays a large role. It is also one of (4) _____
oldest Olympic sports. In the United States, Australia and Canada, high school and collegial rowing is sometimes referred to as crew.
(5) _____ rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing backwards, towards the stern, and uses the oars which are held in (6) _____ by the oarlocks to propel the boat forward, towards the bow. It is a demanding sport requiring strong core balance as well as physical (7) _____ and cardiovascular endurance.
Since the action of rowing (8) _____ fairly popular throughout the world, there are many different types of (9) _____. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, and the side-by-side format used in the Olympic Games. The many different formats are a result of the long (10) _____ of the sport, its development in. different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions.
1. a. depending b. creating c. interesting d. carrying
2. a. but b. because c. as d. as soon
as
3. a. of b. on c. with d. about
4. a. a b. an c. the d. ỉ
5. a. Over b. Of c. During d.
While
6. a. area b. sight c. part d. place
7. a. strong b. strongly c. strength d.
strengthen
8. a. was become b. has become c. is become d.
is becoming
9. a. competition b. examination c. test d. round
10. a. work b. history c. period d.
race
2. Nearly 200 of the 1500 native plant species in Hawaii are at risk of going extinct in the near future because they have been (1) _____ to such low numbers. Approximately 90 percent of Hawaii's plants are found nowhere else in the world but they are (2) _____ by alien invasive species such as feral goats, pigs, rodents and non- (3) _____ plants.
The Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group is striving to (4) _____ the extinction of the 182 rare Hawaiian plants with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the (5) _____. Since 1990, (6) _____ a result of their 'Plant Extinction Prevention Program', sixteen species have been brought into (7) _____ and three
species have been reintroduced. Invasive weeds have been removed in key areas and fencing put up in order to (8) _ plants in the wild.
In the future the Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Program aims (49) _____ collecting genetic material from the remaining plants in the wild for storage as a safety net for the future. They also aim to manage wild populations and where possible reintroduce species into (50) _____
1. a. disappeared b. reduced c. increased d. developed
2. a. guarded b. invested c. conserved d.
threatened
3. a. nation b. native c. national d.
nationally
4. a. prevent b. encourage c. stimulate d.
influence
5. a. wild b. atmosphere c. hole d. sky
6. a. so b. due c. as d. but
7. a. contamination b. production c. cultivation d.
generation
8. a. derive b. vary c. remain d. protect
9. a. at b. for c. with d. on
10. a. shelters b. reserves c. gardens d. Halls
READING COMPREHENSION
* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.
The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened.
Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.
Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were once such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.
Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children “efficiently” in their own homes, or if economic necessity
demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.
Question 35: The paragraph preceding the whole reading passage probably discusses _____.
A. the urbanization in the United States in the nineteen century.
B. the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society in the nineteen century.
C. the industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life the United States in the nineteen century.
D. the formal schooling in the United States in the nineteen century.
Question36: It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was _____.
A. an increase in the number of trained teachers B. the expanding economic problems of schools C. the increased urbanization of the entire country
D. the growing number of schools in frontier communities
Question 37: The word “means” in bold type is closest in meaning to _____.
A. qualifications B. method C. advantages D. probability
Question 38: The phrase “coincided with” in bold type is closest in meaning to _____.
A. ensured the success of B. was influenced by
C. began to grow rapidly D. happened at the same time as
Question 39: According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920’s was that _____.
A. adults and children studied in the same classes B. most places required children to attend school
C. the amount of time spent on formal education was limited D. new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education
Question 40: “Vacation schools and extracurricular activities” are mentioned in paragraph 2 to illustrate _____.
A. the importance of educational changes
B. activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs.
C. the increased impact of public schools on students
D. alternatives to formal education provided by public schools
Question 41: According to the passage, early-twentieth century education reformers believed that
_____.
A. special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them B. corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress
C. different groups needed different kinds of education D. more women should be involved in education and industry Question 42: The word “it” in bold type refers to _____.
A. consumption B. production C. homemaking D. education Question 43: Women were trained to be consumer homemakers as a result of _____.
A. income-producing activities in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States B. overproduction in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States
C. scarcity in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States
D. economic necessity in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States Question 44: Which paragraph mentions the importance of abilities and experience in formal schooling?
A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4
* Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase for each of blanks
When you read something in a foreign language, you frequently come across words you do not (45)______
understand. Sometimes you (46)______ the meaning in a dictionary and sometimes you guess. The strategy you adopt depends very much upon the (47)______of accuracy you require and the time at your disposal.
If you are the sort of person who tends to turn to the dictionary frequently, it is (48)_______remembering that every dictionary has its limitations. Each definition is only an approximation and one builds up an accurate picture of the meaning of a word only after meeting it in a (49)__________of contexts. It is also important to recognize the special dangers of dictionaries that translate from English into your native language and vice versa. If you must use a dictionary, it is usually far safer to (50)________an English- English dictionary.
In most exams you are not permitted to use a dictionary. (51)__________you are allowed to use one, it is very time- consuming to look up words, and time in exams is usually limited. You are, (52)______, forced to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.
When you come across unknown words in an exam text, it is very easy to panic. However, if you develop efficient techniques for guessing the meaning, you will(53)__________a number of possible problems and help yourself to understand far more of the text than you at first likely.
Two strategies which may help you guess the meaning of a word are: using contextual clues, both within the sentence and outside, and making uses (54)_____ clues derived from the formation of the word.
Question 45. A. fully B. complete C. totally D. wholly
Question46. A. examine B. inspect C. check D. control Question47. A. range B. extent C. level D. degree
Question 48. A. valuable B. essential C. worth D. vital
Question49. A. variety B. variation C. diversity D. multiple Question50. A. consult B. inquire C. survey D. infer
Question51. A. Although B. In case C. Even if D. Provided
Question52. A. but B. therefore C. however D. so that
Question53. A. get on B. go over C. overcome D. surpass Question54. A. on B. about C. of D. with
* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
The art world
One of the major problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful. The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill Whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as “ Whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print.
As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value. When other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure.
Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverse side of the print. Wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.
Question 55: Which of the following would be a better title for the passage?
A. Whistler’s Mother B. Whistler’s Greatest Works
C. The Practice of Signing Prints D. Copying Limited Edition Prints Question 56: What made Whistler’s work more valuable?
A. His painting of his mother. B. His signature on the prints C. His brother - in -law’s prints. D. His fame as an artist
Question 57: The word “speculated” in bold type could best be replaced by_____.
A. denied B. announced C. guessed D. noticed Question 58: The word “distinguish” in bold type is closest in meaning to______.
A. allow exceptions B. recognize differences C. accept changes D. make improvements
Question 59: The word “it” in bold type refers to______.
A. the same edition B. the image C. the reverse side D. a print
Question 60: Where in the passage does the author indicate where an artist’s signature might be found on a work?
A. Lines 9-10 B. Lines 11-13 C. Lines 14-15 D. Lines 6-7
Question 61: What does the author mean by the statement: “As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value” ?
A. The signatures became more valuable than the prints B. Many copies of the prints were made.
C. The prints that were signed and numbered were worth more.
D. The signing and numbering of prints was not very popular
Question 62: What was true about the painting of Whistler’s mother?
A. It was not one of Whistler’s best paintings. B. It was painted by Sir Francis Seymour Haden.
C. It was a completely new method of painting. D. Its title was “Arrangement in Grey and Black”.
Question 63: The author mentions all of the following as reasons why a collector prefers a signed print EXCEPT.
A. it guarantees the print’s authenticity B. it makes the print more personal
C. it encourages higher prices for the print D. it limits the number of copies of the print Question 64: It can be inferred from the passage that artists number their prints_______.
A. to guarantee a limited edition B. when the buyer requests it
C. as an accounting procedure D. at the same place on each of the prints
V.Sentence transformation.