PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Literature Review
III. Advice on greetings and small talks
4. Suggestions for further study
It is recommended thatfurther studies be conducted with broader data collection to increase the generalizability of the findings as well as enhance the validity. Also the other aspects of politeness strategies, such as bald on record, off record in this book as well as the other books in this Top Notch-Summit seriesshould be considered to be the scope of the follow-up studies.
1) Alemi, Minoo. &Mesbah, Zahra. (2013). “Textbook evaluation based on the ACTFL standards: The case of Top Notch series”. Iranian EFL Journal, 9(1), 162-171.
2) Behm, J. (2008). A contrastive analysis of politeness: requests and refusals in German and English. GRIN Publishing GmbH.
3) Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987 [1978]). Politeness: some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4) Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1- 47.
5) Eelen, G. (2001). A critique of politeness theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
6) Eslami, R, A. Esmaeli, S. Ghavamnia, M. &Rajabi, S. (2010). Don‟t judge a book by its cover: Textbook evaluation in the EFL setting. Journal of international social research, 3(14), 448-461.
7) Kitamura, N. (2000). Adapting Brown and Levinson‟s „politeness‟ theory to the analysis of casual conversation. School of European, Asian & Middle Eastern Languages & Studies. University of Sydney: Australia.
8) Kodyat, H. (2001). A Study on Politeness Strategies Used by the Interviewers in a Foreign Exchange Company. Universitas Kristen Petra. Retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://dewey.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe_dg_266.html.
9) Finch, G. (2000). Linguistic terms and concepts.Houndmills, Basingstone, Hamsphire RG 216 XS and London: Macmillan Press LTD.
10) Goffman, E. (1955). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements of social Interaction. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes,18(3), 213-231. Reprinted in Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: essays in face-to-face behavior. Random House. (2nd ed. with Joel Best, 2005). Aldine Transaction.
Pragmatics 14, 237–257.
12) Hatims, B. & Mason, I. (1990). Discourse and the Translator. New York:
Longman.
13) Holmes, J. (2006). Politeness strategies as linguistic variables. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 9.
14) Hymes, D. (1962). The ethnography of speaking. In T. Gladwin and W.
Sturtevant (eds.), Anthropology and human behavior. Washington, D.C:
Anthropological Society of Washington.
15) Hymes, D. (1964). Language in culture and society. Harper and Row: New York.
16) Lakoff, R. (1990). Talking power: the politics of language in our lives.
Glasgow: Harper
17) Leech, Geofrey. (1983). Principle Pragmatics. London. Longman.
18) Levinson, S. C. (1997). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19) Maier, P. (1992). Politeness strategies in business letters by native and non- native English speakers. English for Specific Purposes, 11(3), 189-205.
20) Meliana, F. (1995). The Study of Politeness Expression in Love Match by Barbara Steiner. Universitas Kristen Petra
21) Mao, L. R. (1994). Beyond politeness theory: „face‟ revisited and renewed.
Journal ofPragmatics21(5), 451–486.
22) Nickerson, C. (1999). The use of politeness strategies in business letters written by native speakers of English. In Geluyken, R. &Pelsmarkers, K.
(eds) Discourse in Professional Contexts. Lincom, 127-142.
23) Nguyen, T. P. T. (2010). Politeness strategies in requests in "The Thorn Birds". M.A Thesis. Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, ULIS, VNU.
Press.
25) Nguyen, T. H. (2010). A study on politeness strategies in the conversational activities of the course book “Inside out- Pre-intermediate”. M.A Thesis.
Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, ULIS, VNU.
26) Nguyen, T. T. V. (2009). A study on politeness strategies in negotiating conversations in “Market Leader”. M.A Thesis. Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, ULIS, VNU.
27) Paarlahti, S. (1998). Politeness strategies in business letters written by non- native and native speakers of English.
28) Pariera, K. (2006). The use of politeness strategies in email discussions about taboo topics. McNair Online Journal, 2.
29) Pham, T. H. L. (2012). A Study on Politeness Strategies in the Conversational Activities of the Coursebook“ New English file” (Intermediate). M.A Thesis.
Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, ULIS, VNU.
30) Sari, A. W. (2012). Politeness strategies in conversational closing displayed on a vocational school‟s English text book entitled "English for SMK 1”.
Final project. English Department. Faculty of Languages and Arts. Semarang State University.
31) Savignon, S. J. (1972). Communicative competence: an experiment in foreign language teaching. Philadelphia: The Centre for Curriculum Development, Inc.
32) Savignon, Sandra (1997). Communicative competence: theory and classroom practice: texts and contexts in second language learning (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
33) Savira, M. (2004). A study of politeness strategies used by the three main female characters in Friends to identify their personality traits. Universitas Kristen Petra. Retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://dewey.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe_dg_884.html.
learning. Applied Linguistics, 1, 129-157.
35) Searle, J. 1969. Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
36) Searle, J. (1976). Speech acts. London: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press.
37) Shigemitsu, Y. (2003). Politeness strategies in the context of argument in Japanese debate show. The academic reports, the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Polytechnic. Retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://www.t-kougei.ac.jp/research/pdf/vol2-26-03.pdf.
38) Spitzberg, B. H. (1988). Progress and pitfalls in conceptualizing and researching intercultural communication competence. Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association Conference, New Orleans, LA.
39) Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in Interaction. New York: Longman.
40) Tran, T. P.(2011). A study of politeness strategies in the conversational activities of the coursebook “New Headway” Pre-intermediate. M.A Thesis.
Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, ULIS, VNU.
41) Yuka, A. (2009). Positive politeness strategies in oral communication I textbooks -Focusing on terms of address.The economic journal of Takasaki city university of economics, 52 (1), 59-70.
42) Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
43) Zierhofer, W. (2002). Speech acts and space(s): language pragmatics and the discursive constitution of the social. Environment and Planning A, 34(8), 1355-1372.
44) Vinagre, M. (2008). Politeness strategies in collaborative e-mail exchanges.
Computers & Education, 50(3), 1022–1036.
45) Vilkki, L. (2006). Politeness, face and facework: current issues. SKY Journal of Linguistics 19, 322-332. Retrieved from the World Wide Web at
SKY journal.
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47) Watts, R. J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SUMMARY OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE COURSE BOOK “TOP NOTCH 2” PRE INTERMEDIATE (THE FIRST
EDITION)
Unit Conversational exchanges
Page Speech act Relationship between S and H
Politeness strategies P.S N.S 1 - Aren‟t you from
Australia or something like that ?
- As a matter of fact, I am. Keith Lowe -Ed Santos. I think we met at Jack Bailey’s house two weeks ago.
-Oh, that’s right!
You‟re Jack‟s colleague.
3
Responding Responding
Responding
Friends
12 7 5
2
- Hanah, I’d like you to meet Audrey
- Hi, Audrey. You look familiar. I think we‟ve meet before.
- Really?
When?
-Last month. You were at my sister Nicole’s party
-Oh, that’s right.
How have you been?
4 Requesting Responding
Questioning
Responding Responding
Friends
12 5 4 7 5
1
-…But yesterday I went to Sugarloaf. It was really beautiful -That‟s great. Have you tried feijoada yet?
- Feijoada? No, I haven‟t.
-I think you’ll like it.
6 Responding
Questioning Responding Responding
2 2 5 9
this theater.
You can see all the things you missed.
- I‟m really in the mood for a good classic movie.
And on a big screen.
- Much better than on the tube
Responding
9
4 -You know, I never
saw Frida. Did you?
-No, I missed it.
-They say it was great.
How about it?
-Actually, I would rather see something else… Hey, they‟re showing Dracula.
-Deal
15 Questioning
Suggesting Disagreeing
Agreeing
Friends 3 4
4
4
2
-Sorry , I‟m late Have you been here long?
-For about 10 minutes.
Not too bad.
-I’m sorry. I got stuck in traffic.
-The show for “The train” is sold out so I got ticket for High Flyer. I hope that’s ok.
-that’s fine. They say it‟s hilarious.
- How much do I owe?
-Nothing. It‟s on me.
-Well, thanks. Next time, it’s my treat
16 Apologizing
Apologizing
Responding Responding
Offering
Friends
11 5
14 6
6
-Well, what do you think of Madona?
-Actually, not much.
18 Questioning Responding
Friends 7
2
checking out.
-Was your stay satisfactory?
-Yes, very nice. Thanks -Here you go, ma’am.
Thank you forstaying with us.
Questioning Responding Responding
5
9
5
-Hello,
I’d like to speak to Anne Smith? She‟s a guest.
-I’ll ring that room for you.
28
Requesting
Accepting
Guest-Clerk
10 1
-I’m sorry. She‟s not answering.
Would you like to leave a message?
- Yes, please tell her Tim Klein called…
28 Apologizing Offering Requesting
Guest-Clerk 6 1 1 -Hi. I‟m checking in.
The name‟s Baker.
-Let’s see. That‟s one double for two nights.
Non-smoking?
-That’s right.
30
Accepting Questioning Responding
Guest-Clerk 12 4 5 4 -Good morning. Koji
Oinuma. I have a reservation.
-Certainly, sir.
Just a moment.
39 Requesting
Responding
Renter- car agent
5 4 -I had an accident.
-I’m so sorry.Are you ok?
-I‟m fine. No one was hurt
- Thank goodness.
How did it happen?
- The other driver was tailgating, and he hit my car
-Oh, no….
40
Responding
Responding
Responding
Friends
15+
1
15
15 -Fill it up, please, with
regular
-Yes, sir. Anything
42 Requesting Accepting
A service station employee-
1 5
5 -Hey, Noor. I need to pick up a few things on the way back to the hotel. Feel like
stopping at a cosmetics store? We could get some of that makeup these gorgeous Brazilians wear
- I’d like to but I think I’ll pass.
-No problem.
I‟ll just go myself
51 Greeting
Suggesting
Declining Responding
Colleagues 4
12
2 4 -Don‟t worry. Most
people speak some English. You’ll be fine -I guess. In any case, the store‟s self-service.
It‟ll be a piece of cake 51
Responding
Responding
Colleagues 15
4 -Excuse me. Where
would I find toothpaste?
-Toothpaste? Have a look in aisle two.
-Actually,
I did and there wasn‟t any
-I’m sorry. Let me get you some from the back.
52 Excusing
Responding Responding
Apologizing
Customer- store clerk
5
4
6
2
6
6 -What in the world are you eating?
-Chocolate .But don‟t tell anyone.
-But aren’t you on diet?
-I used to be, not any more
-What happened?
-To tell you the truth, it was just too much trouble.
-Want to try some?
-Well, I would. ButI‟m
63 Questioning
Questioning
Responding
Offering Declining
Friends
7
4 6
1
2
-You? I don‟t believe it. Don’t you always have dessert?
Questioning
7 -Everything‟s ready.
Why don’t we sit down?
-This food looks great.
It really smells delicious.
64
Suggesting Complimenting
Friends
13 +12
2 2 - Please help yourself
-Thanks but I’ll pass on the chicken.
-Don‟t you eat chicken?
-Actually, no. I‟m a vegetarian
-I’m sorry. I didn‟t know that.
64 Offering Declining
Responding Apologizing
Friends 1
2
2 6 -Are you a big coffee
drinker?
-Definitely.
I‟m crazy about coffee.
66
Responding
Friends 2 2 -I used to have it a lot.
But I‟ve been cutting back.
-Well, I couldn’t live without it.
66
Responding
Friends
2 7 -So what do you feel
like doing after dinner?
-I don‟t know. You decide. I’m kind of down in the dumps
75
Responding
Friends
4+6 -You do look a little
blue. Something wrong?
-Nothing I can put my finger on.
I guess I am just feeling a little out of sorts since I got back from vacation.
75 Raising
emotional topic Responding
Friends 1
4
4
4
4
-You know,
I’d like to repaint the
76 Suggesting Friends 3 +7 1
-Ok, what color?
-How about grey?
-Well, I don’t mind repainting it, but gray‟s out of the questions.
-Why? What‟s wrong with gray?
-It‟s boring
Suggesting Disagreeing
Questioning
4
13 2
-You look down.
What’s up?
-Oh, nothing serious.
I‟m just tired of the same old grind.
But thanks for asking.
-I know what you mean. I‟m tired of working, too.
-How about going to a movie?
-Great idea.
Let’sgo .
78 Raising
emotional topic Responding
Responding
Suggesting Responding
Colleagues 1
4
15
4 4 12 8 -This print‟s sort of
interesting. It says it was painted in 1930. I kind of like it
-Is it Picasso?
87 Responding Friends 6
6 -Don’t you find ita
little too dark?
-No, I think it‟sjust right.
87 Questioning Friends 7 4
-Hey, what about this Warhol? What do you think?
- I don‟t know. I’m not really too crazy about his stuff.
-Just look at the colors -I guess I‟m not into really bright colors - To each his own
87 Suggesting
Responding
Commanding Responding Responding
Friends 4
3
4
2
7 2 -Be sure not to miss
the Prado Museum
88 Suggesting Friends 7
Madrid . -Really?
Why’s that?
-Well, for one thing, Las Meninas is kept there.
- No kidding! I’ve always wanted to see that.
-They have a great collection of paintings.
You’ll love it.
Questioning
Responding
Responding
Responding
5 13 13
3
11 - Excuse me. What‟s
this figure made of?
-Wood. It‟s handmade -Really? Where was it made?
-Mexico . What do you think of it?
-It‟s fantastic.
90 Excusing
Questioning
Responding
Friends
5
2
6
9 -Hey, Deb. Are you there?
-Hi Ron. I‟m surfing the Net. Just log on?
-Yup. Am I interrupting you?
-Not at all.
Just fooling around.
What are you up to?
-I logged on to send you some pictures?
-Great.
What of?
-Photo of my trips -Cool. Can‟t wait to download them.
99 Greeting Responding Responding Responding
Questioning Responding
4 4 4
4 4
2 4 4 -Hi, Ron.
Still there?
-Still here. Just deleting junk mail. Get the pix?
-Yes. They took FOREVER to download them.
-Sorry about that.
99 Greeting
Questioning Complaining Apologizing
Friends 4
4 2
6
They‟re awesome.
-I knew you would like them.
Gotta go! Later!
-See ya.
Complimenting Responding
Responding
4 9 4 4 -I‟m thinking about
getting a new monitor.
-Oh, yeah?
What kind?
-Everyone says I should get a Macro.
100
Responding 5
4
-Eugene, could you take a look at this?
-Sure. What‟s the problem?
102 Requesting Accepting
Colleagues 5
1 +3
-Why don’t you try restarting? That sometimes works -Ok, I’ll give that a try
102 Suggesting
Agreeing
Colleagues 13
10 10 -You mean you‟re not
going to tell them?
-I‟d have to be nut to ask them.
But there‟s nothing wrong with tattoos.
Everybody has them.
-Maybe… Mattt, I have to say this, but I think you‟re making a mistake.
You should get permission. If you don‟t, I‟m sure you‟ll be sorry.
-Ok, I’ll give it some thought
111
Responding
Warning
Promising
Friends 4
10 2
-Excuse me.
I think you forgot something.
-I did?
-Isn‟t this jacket hers?
-Oh, you’re right. It is.
- Thanks so much.
-My pleasure
112 Excusing
Questioning Responding Responding
Strangers
4 5
6 2
5