Due to limited time of the study, it was acknowledged that there were some limitations that could not be avoided.
Firstly, it is inevitable that the data taken from recording what the students presented in their mid-term oral test included mistakes induced by psychological factors such as anxiety, nervousness, etc. Also, some recordings are not clear enough to clarify all errors with final clusters that students commit.
Secondly, during the data analysis, I found that all the subjects had problems in their pronunciation of final clusters not only in final position but also in initial and medial positions, not to mention particular vowels, consonants, the pitch, intonation and the aspects of connected speech. However, due to the scope of the study, the other problems would be taken into consideration in another study.
Thirdly, strategies suggested for dealing with final clusters errors that students often commit are only personal. It would be ideal if an action research were applied in order to develop the pattern of students‟ errors and see whether the suggested strategies worked well with the students.
REFERENCES
1. Abuseileek A. F. (2007), “Computer-assisted pronunciation instruction as an effective means for teaching stress”, The JALT CALL Journal, 3 (1-2), pp. 3-14.
2. Arnold A. (2009), Pronouncing three-segment final consonant clusters: A case study with Arabic speakers learning English. Retrieved November 11 th , 2010, from
http://www.hamline.edu/education/pdf/ESLcapstone_aarnold.pdf
3. Avery P. & Ehrlich S. (1992), Teaching American English Pronunciation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. Baker A. (1977), Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Brown D. (2007), Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (5 th ed.), Pearson Education Inc, New York.
6. Celce-Murcia M., Brinton D. M. & Goodwin J. M. (1996), TEACHING
PRONUNCIATION: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7. Corder S. P. (1981), Error Analysis and Interlanguage, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8. Deshayes M. (2005), “Problems and Solutions with English Pronunciation”, Teacher's Edition 19, pp. 4-9.
9. Edge J. (1989), Mistakes and Correction, Longman, London.
10. Ellis R. (1997), Second Language Acquisition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
11. Hadinata P. (2006), Teaching Pronunciation: Strategies for the correction of
pronunciation errors, Indonesia. Retrieved May 20 th , 2010, from http://purwarno- linguistics.blogspot.com/2006/09/teaching-pronunciation-19.html
13. Kelly G. (2000), how to Teach Pronunciation, Longman, Harlow.
14. Kenworthy J. (1987), Teaching English Pronunciation, Longman, London.
15. McKay S. (2002), Teaching English as an International Language, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
16. Nguyen T. T. H (2009), Common Speaking Errors Made by First Year Students in English Department, Hulis, Vnu and their Possible Causes. Retrieved May 22 th , 2010, from http://www.slideshare.net/khoaanhmy/common-speaking-errors-made-by-first-year- students-in-english-department-hulis-vnu-and-their-possible-causes-hien
17. Nguyen T. T. T. (2007), Difficulties for Vietnamese when pronouncing English final consonants, Hửgskolan Dalarna, Engelska C. Uppsats. Retrieved December 20 th , 2009, from http://dalea.du.se/theses/archive/60dedb5e-7a86-4fc7-b127-
09b0e99b853c/8256d175-9d1a-4a97-ae9b-fb15ba152a60.pdf
18. Pham T. C. C. (2009), Errors 1 st year Students at E.D., Hulis, Vnu Make with Ending Sounds and Strategies to Overcome Using Communicative Teaching. Retrieved December 20 th , 2009, from http://www.slideshare.net/khoaanhmy/errors-1st-year- students-at-ed-hulis-vnu-make-with-ending-sounds-and-strategies-to-overcome- using-communicative-teaching-pham-cam-chi-main-text
19. Richards J. (1984), Error Analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition, Longman, London.
20. Roach P. (2000), English Phonetics and Phonology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Tench P. (1981), Pronunciation skills, Macmillian, London.
APPENDIX 1: CHECKLIST FOR RECORDINGS
Speaker Topic Length
Percentage of error Gender
Consonant clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times
APPENDIX 2: FINDINGS FROM RECORDINGS
Speaker 1:
Topic Do you like living in an extended family or in a nuclear family?
Give your reasons.
Length 155 words
Percentage of error (%) 12/155 = 7.7%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nts/ Grandparents
/grổnpổrə ns/ x 1
/nz/ Reasons /riːz ə ns/ x 1
/ld/ Household /haʊ shə ʊ l/ x 1
/nt/ Want /w ɔ n/ x 1
Environment
/ɪ nvaɪ rə nmə n/ x 1
/mp/ Camp /kổm/ x 1
/mz/ Problems /prɔ bləms/ x 1
/st/ Most /mə ʊ s/ x 1
/nd/
Husband /hʌ zbə n/ x 1
Kind /kai/ x 1
Weekend /wiːken/ x 1
/dz/ Kids /kids/ x 1
Speaker 2:
Topic Which place do you prefer, living in a big city or in the countryside? Give your reasons.
Length 198 words
Percentage of error (%) 6/198 = 3%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nd/ Spend lack /d/ x 1
/nt/ Entertainment lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Find Lack /d/ x 1
/nts/ Pavements lack /t/ x 1
/pt/ Developed /d ɪ velə pd/ x 1
/dz/ Crowds /kra ʊ ds/ x 1
Speaker 3:
Topic What is your favorite sport? Give some reasons.
Length 104 words
Percentage of error (%) 3/104 = 2.9%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ First lack /t/ x 1
/lθ/ Health /helt/ x 1
/nt/ Pleasant lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 4:
Topic Do you think what the qualities of a good friend are?
Length 156 words
Percentage of error (%) 13/156 = 8.3%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nd/ Friend /fren/ x 4
/st/ First /f ɜ ːs/ x 1
/ld/ Build lack /d/ x 1
/st/ Honest /ɔ nit/ x 1
/nd/ Second /sekən/ x 1
/ŋk/ Think /θiŋ/ x 1
/ls/ Else /el/ x 1
/kt/ Affect /ə fek/ x 1
/pts/ Accepts /əkseps/ x 1
/ndʒ / Change /tʃ einz/ x 1
Speaker 5:
Topic Which job best fits your personality? Explain why.
Length 170 words
Percentage of error (%) 11/170=6.5%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/ns/ Since /s ɪ n/ x 1
/ld/ Child /tʃ aɪ / x 1
/ ʃ t/ Wished /wist/ x 1
/st/ Almost lack /t/ x 1
Lost lack /t/ x 1
/kt/ React lack /t/ x 1
/nts/ Students lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Misunderstand lack /d/ x 1
Spend lack /d/ x 1
/lp/ Help /hep/ x 1
/st/ Best lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 6:
Topic Describe the person you admire most. Explain why you admire him/her.
Length 148 words
Percentage of error (%) 5/148=3.4%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/vz/ Believes /bəliːvs/ x 1
/lz/ Smiles lack /z/ x 1
/ts/ Hates lack /s/ x 1
/nt/ Intelligent lack /t/ x 1
/nz/ Plans /plổns/ x 1
Speaker 7:
Topic Which do you prefer, going out to eat or eating at home? Give some reasons.
Length 134 words
Percentage of error (%) 7/134 =5.2%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nt/ Convenient lack /t/ x 1
/st/ Fast lack /t/ x 1
/nts/ Restaurants lack /t/ x 1
/lf/ Yourself lack /f/ x 1
/st/ Cost Lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Spend lack /d/ x 1
/lθ/ Health lack /θ/ x 1
Speaker 8:
Topic Talk about your first day or primary school?/ secondary school?/
high school?/ college?
Length 116 words
Percentage of error (%) 7/116 = 6.03 %
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nts/ Parents lack /t/ x 1
/mz/ Items /a ɪ tə ms/ x 1
/nd/ Brand lack /d/ x 1
/st/ First lack /t/ x 1
/kst/ Next lack /st/ x 1
/st/ Used lack /t/ x 1
/ndʒ d/ Exchanged lack /dʒ / x 1
Speaker 9:
Topic Talk about your last holiday.
Length 154 words
Percentage of error (%) 10/154 = 6.5%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nt/ Spent lack /t/ x 1
/vd/ Arrived /ə ra ɪ / x 1
/nt/ Went lack /t/ x 1
/kt/ Walked lack /t/ x 1
Looked lack /t/ x 1
/ndz/ Islands lack /d/ x 1
/lz/ Hills /hɪ ls/ x 1
/ft/ Raft lack /t/ x 1
/lt/ Felt lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Returned lack /d/ x 1
Speaker 10:
Topic Do you want to be a famous person? Why or why not?
Length 98 words Percentage of error (%) 4/98 = 4.08%
Gender Male
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nz/ Fans lack /z/ x 1
/st/ Latest lack /t/ x 1
/nz/ Fans /fổns/ x 1
/nt/ Want lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 11:
Topic What is your favorite sport? Give some reasons.
Length 113 words
Percentage of error (%) 10/113 = 8.85%
Gender Male
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Best lack /t/ x 1
/nz/ Reasons /rizəns/ x 1
/lps/ Helps lack /l/ x 1
/lθ/ Health lack /θ/ x 1
/ks/ Relax lack /s/ x 1
/nd/ Find lack /nd/ x 1
/nt/ Equipment lack /t/ x 1
/st/
Released lack /t/ x 1
Last lack /t/ x 1
Cost lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 12:
Topic Describe the person you admire most. Explain why you admire him/her.
Length 128 words Percentage of error (%) 7/128 = 5.5%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/lp/ Help lack /l/ x 1
/kt/ Expect lack /t/ x 1
Respect lack /t/ x 1
/lps/ Helps lack /l/ x 1
/lθ/ Health /helt/ x 1
/nd/ Kind lack /nd/ x 1
/lv/ Solve lack /v/ x 1
Speaker 13:
Topic Talk about your last holiday.
Length 164 words
Percentage of error (%) 10/163 = 6.13%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Last lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Went lack /t/ x 3
/ks/ Six lack /s/ x 1
/st/ Past lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Friend lack /d/ x 1
/kst/ Next lack /st/ x 1
/nd/ Island lack /d/ x 1
/kt/ Shocked lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 14:
Topic Which place do you prefer, living in a big city or in the
countryside? Give your reasons.
Length 121 words
Percentage of error (%) 4/121 = 3.31%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/ŋz/ Things /θ ɪ ŋs/ x 1
/nd/ Ground lack /nd/ x 1
/st/ Cost lack /t/ x 1
/kts/ Products lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 15:
Topic Which do you prefer, going out to eat or eating at home? Give some reasons.
Length 107 words
Percentage of error (%) 5/107 = 4.7%
Gender Male
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nts/ Restaurants lack /t/ x 1
/ndz/ Kinds /kaiz/ x 1
/dz/ Foods /fuːds/ x 1
/st/ Waste lack /t/ x 1
/st/ Taste lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 16:
Topic Do you think what the qualities of a good friend are?
Length 135 words
Percentage of error (%) 8/135 = 5.9%
Gender Male
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/ndz/ Friends lack /d/ x 1
/nd/ Friend lack /d/ x 3
/nθs/ Months lack /θ/ x 1
/ks/ Makes lack /s/ x 1
/nt/ Important lack /t/ x 1
/st/ Interest lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 17:
Topic Which job best fits your personality? Explain why.
Length words
Percentage of error (%) 6/122 = 4.9%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Best lack /t/ x 2
First lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Stand lack /d/ x 1
/kt/ Fact lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Want lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 18:
Topic Do you like living in an extended family or in a nuclear family?
Give your reasons.
Length 155 words
Percentage of error (%) 12/155 = 7.74%
Gender Female
Consonant Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition
clusters Reduction Insertion Substitution times
/nt/ Extent lack /t/ x 1
/st/ Most lack /t/ x 2
/nts/ Parents lack /t/ x 3
/dz/ Needs /niːds/ x 1
/ld/ Child lack /ld/ x 2
/nz/ Traditions /trə d ɪ ʃ ə ns/ x 1
/kst/ Mixed lack /st/ x 1
/lt/ Difficult lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 19:
Topic Do you want to be a famous person? Why or why not?
Length 114 words
Percentage of error (%) 5/114 = 4.4%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Best lack /t/ x 2
/nz/ Fans lack /z/ x 1
/zd/ Recognized lack /zd/ x 1
/nts/ Servants lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 20:
Topic Talk about your first day of primary school?/ secondary school?/
high school?/ college?
Length 109 words
Percentage of error (%) 5/109 = 4.6%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nt/ Went lack /t/ x 1
/gd/ Hugged lack /d/ x 1
/st/ First lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Happened /hổpənt/ x 1
/t ʃ t/ Watched lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 21:
Topic Which do you prefer, going out to eat or eating at home? Give some reasons.
Length 113 words
Percentage of error (%) 9/113 = 8%
Gender Male
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words
Types of errors
Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nt/ Restaurant lack /t/ x 2
/st/ First lack /t/ x 1
/ndz/ Friends lack /d/ x 1
/nts/ Parents lack /ts/ x 1
/lvz/ Themselves lack /vz/ x 1
/ŋk/ Junk lack /k/ x 1
/st/ Waste lack /t/ x 1
/nz/ Reasons /rizəns/ x 1
Speaker 22:
Topic Do you like living in an extended family or in a nuclear family?
Give your reasons.
Length 135 words
Percentage of error (%) 9/135 =6.9%
Gender Female
Consonant Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition
clusters Reduction Insertion Substitution times
/nz/ Generations
/genə reɪ ʃ ə ns/ x 1
/nd/ Understand lack /d/ x 1
/nts/ Arguments lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Different lack /t/ x 2
/dz/ Attitudes /ổtɪ tjuːs/ x x 1
/lt/ Difficult lack /t/ x 1
/kt/ Respect lack /t/ x 1
/lvd/ Involved lack /lv/ x 1
Speaker 23:
Topic Which job best fits your personality? Explain why.
Length 126 words
Percentage of error (%) 7/126= 5.6%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/bz/ Jobs lack /z/ x 1
/ŋk/ Think lack /k/ x 1
/st/ Most lack /t/ x 1
Tourist lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Important lack /t/ x 1
/st/ Impressed lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Confident lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 24:
Topic Describe the person you admire most. Explain why you admire him/her.
Length 159 words
Percentage of error (%) 9/159=5.7%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/lps/ Helps lack /l/ x 1
/vz/ Gives lack /z/ x 1
/st/ First lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Important lack /t/ x 1
/dz/ Words /wɜ ːds/ x 1
/ld/ Old lack /ld/ x 1
/st// Best lack /t/ x 1
/nd/ Friend lack /d/ x 1
/ndʒ / Change lack /dʒ/ x 1
Speaker 25:
Topic Talk about your last holiday.
Length 107 words
Percentage of error (%) 8/107 = 7.5%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Last lack /t/ x 1
Practised /prổktiʃ t/ x 1
/nd/ Husband lack /d/ x 1
/st/ Most lack /t/ x 1
/dz/ Besides lack /dz/ x 1
/fts/ Gifts lack /t/ x 1
/vz/ Relatives lack /z/ x 1
/ndz/ Friends lack /d/ x 1
Speaker 26:
Topic Do you want to be a famous person? Why or why not?
Length 153 words
Percentage of error (%) 9/153 = 5.9%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Most lack /t/ x 1
/lm/ Film lack /l/ x 1
/lθ/ Wealth lack /θ/ x 1
/vd/ Loved lack /d/ x 1
/nz/ Fans /fổns/ x 1
/lps/ Helps lack /l/ x 1
/sk/ Ask lack /k/ x 1
/ld/ World lack /d/ x 1
/lt/ Difficult lack /lt/ x 1
Speaker 27ː
Topic Talk about your first day or primary school?/ secondary school?/
high school?/ college?
Length 104 words
Percentage of error (%) 7/104 = 6.7%
Gender Male
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/st/ Most lack /t/ x 1
/ndʒ / Strange /streinz/ x 1
/st/ Used lack /t/ x 1
/kt/ Liked lack /t/ x 1
/ndz/ Friends lack /d/ x 2
/nd/ Around lack /nd/ x 1
Speaker 28:
Topic What are the qualities of a good friend?
Length 134 words
Percentage of error (%) 11/124 = 8.9
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nd/ Friend /fren/ x 3
Find /fai/ x 1
/ndz/ Friends /frens/ x 2
/st/ Honest /ɔ nis/ x 1
/nt/ Confident /kɔ nfɪ də ns/ x 1
/lθ/ Health /hel/ x 1
/mz/ Comes /k ʌ m/ x 1
/st/ Must /m ʌ s/ x 1
Speaker 29:
Topic Which place do you prefer, living in a big city or in the countryside? Give your reasons.
Length 129 words
Percentage of error (%) 7/129 =5.4%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nd/ Attend lack /d/ x 1
/st/ Best lack /t/ x 2
/dz/ Goods /gʊ ds/ x 1
/nts/ Events lack /t/ x 1
/nt/ Department lack /t/ x 1
/st/ Post lack /t/ x 1
Speaker 30:
Topic What is your favorite sport? Give some reasons.
Length 91 words
Percentage of error (%) 5/91 = 5.5%
Gender Female
Consonant
clusters Mispronounced words Types of errors Repetition times Reduction Insertion Substitution
/nz/ Reasons /rizəns/ x 1
/lθ/ Health lack /θ/ x 1
/ndz/ Friends lack /d/ x 1
/lps/ Helps lack /l/ x 1
/ld/ Build lack /d/ x 1
APPENDIX 3: Checklist for observation
CHECKLIST FOR OBSERVATION
Speakers Consonant clusters Words Types of errors
1
/nts/ Grandparents /nz/ reasons
/ld/ household
/nt/ want
environment
/mp/ camp
/mz/ problems
/st/ most
/nd/
husband kind weekend
/dz/ kids
2
/nd/ spend
/nt/ entertainment
/nd/ find
/nts/ Pavements
/pt/ developed
/dz/ crowds
3
/st/ first
/lθ/ health
/nt/ pleasant
4
/nd/ friend
second
/ld/ build
/ŋk/ think
/st/ honest
first
/ls/ else
/kt/ affect /pts/ accepts
/ndʒ / change
5
/ns/ since
/ld/ child
/ʃ t/ wished
/st/ almost
lost
/kt/ react /nts/ students
/nd/ misunderstand spend
/lp/ help
/st/ best
6
/vz/ believes
/lz/ smiles
/ts/ hates
/nt/ intelligent
/nz/ plans
7
/nt/ convenient
/st/ fast
/nts/ restaurants /lf/ yourself
/st/ cost
/nd/ spend
/lθ/ health
8
/nts/ parents
/mz/ items
/nd/ brand
/st/ First
/kst/ next
/st/ used
/ndʒ d/ exchanged
9
/nt/ spent
went /vd/ arrived
/kt/ walked
looked /ndz/ islands
/lz/ hills
/lt/ felt
/ft/ Raft
/nd/ returned
10
/nz/ Fans
/st/ latest
/nt/ want
11
/st/ best
/nz/ reasons
/lps/ helps
/lθ/ health
/ks/ relax
/nd/ find
/nt/ equipment
/st/
released last cost
12
/lp/ help
/kt/ expect
respect
/lps/ helps
/lθ/ health
/nd/ kind
/lv/ solve
13
/st/ Last
/nt/ went
/ks/ six
/st/ past
/nd/ friend
/kst/ next
/nd/ island
/kt/ shocked
14
/ŋz/ things
/nd/ ground
/st/ cost
/kts/ products
15
/nts/ restaurants
/ndz/ kinds
/dz/ foods
/st/ waste
/st/ taste
16
/ndz/ friends
/nd/ friend
/nθs/ months
/st/ interest
/nt/ important
/ks/ makes
17
/st/ best
first
/nd/ stand
/kt/ fact
/nt/ want
18
/nt/ extent
/st/ most
/nts/ parents
/dz/ needs
/ld/ child
/nz/ traditions
/kst/ mixed
/lt/ difficult
19
/st/ best
/nz/ fans
/zd/ recognized /nts/ servants
20
/nt/ went
/gd/ hugged
/st/ first
/nd/ happened
/tʃ t/ watched
21
/nt/ restaurant
/st/ first
/ndz/ friends /nts/ parents /lvz/ themselves
/ŋk/ junk
/st/ waste
/nz/ reasons
22
/nz/ generations /nd/ understand /nts/ arguments
/nt/ different /dz/ attitudes /lt/ difficult
/kt/ respect
/lvd/ involved
23
/bz/ jobs
/ŋk/ think
/st/ most
tourist
/nt/ important
/st/ impressed
/nt/ confident
24
/lps/ helps
/vz/ gives
/st/ first
/nt/ important
/dz/ words
/ld/ old
/st// best
/nd/ friend
/ndʒ / change
25
/st/ last
practised
/nd/ husband
/st/ most
/dz/ besides /fts/ gifts /vz/ relatives /ndz/ friends
26
/st/ most
/lm/ film
/lθ/ wealth
/vd/ loved
/nz/ fans
/lps/ helps
/sk/ ask
/ld/ world
/lt/ difficult
27
/st/ most
/ndʒ / strange
/st/ used
/kt/ liked
/ndz/ friends
/nd/ around
28
/nd/ friend
find /ndz/ friends
/st/ honest
/nt/ confident
/lθ/ health
/mz/ comes
/st/ must
29 /nd/ attend
/st/ best
/dz/ goods
/nts/ events
/nt/ department
/st/ post
30
/nz/ reasons
/lθ/ health
/ndz/ friends
/lps/ helps
/ld/ build
APPENDIX 4: Findings from observation
FINDINGS FROM OBSERVATION Speaker Consonant
clusters Words Type of errors
Reduction Insertion Substitution
1
/nts/ Grandparents Lack /t/
/nz/ reasons
/ld/ household Insert /ə/
/nt/ want environment
/mp/ camp /mz/ problems
/st/ most /nd/
husband kind weekend /dz/ kids
2
/nd/ spend
/nt/ entertainment /nd/ find
/nts/ pavements
/pt/ developed Insert /ə/
/dz/ crowds 3
/st/ first
/lθ/ health /θ/ = /t/
/nt/ pleasant
4
/nd/ friend second
/ld/ build Insert /ə/
/ŋk/ think /st/ honest
first /ls/ else /kt/ affect
/pts/ accepts Lack /t/
/ndʒ / change /dʒ / = /z/
5
/ns/ since /ld/ child
/ʃ t/ wished /ʃ / = /s/
/st/ almost lost /kt/ react
/nts/ students Lack /t/
/nd/ misunderstand spend
/lp/ help Lack /l/
/st/ best
6
/vz/ believes
/lz/ smiles Lack /l/
/ts/ hates /nt/ intelligent
/nz/ plans
7
/nt/ convenient /st/ fast /nts/ restaurants
/lf/ yourself /st/ cost /nd/ spend
/lθ/ health
8
/nts/ parents Lack /t/
/mz/ items /nd/ brand /st/ First
/kst/ next Lack /s/
/st/ used
/ndʒ d/ exchanged /dʒ / = /z/
9
/nt/ spent went /vd/ arrived /kt/ walked
looked
/ndz/ islands Lack /d/
/lz/ hills /lt/ felt /ft/ raft /nd/ returned 10
/nz/ fans /st/ latest /nt/ want
11
/st/ best /nz/ reasons /lps/ helps
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released last cost 12
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respect
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13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19 /st/ best
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25 /st/ last
practised /nd/ husband
/st/ most /dz/ besides
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/vz/ relatives
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26
/st/ most
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27
/st/ most
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28
/nd/ friend find
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/st/ honest /nt/ confident
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/mz/ comes /st/ must
29
/nd/ attend /st/ best /dz/ goods
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/nt/ department /st/ post
30
/nz/ reasons
/lθ/ health /θ/ =/t/
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/ld/ build Insert /ə/