In this study the adsorbent and cypermethrin which had been soaked for 24 hours experienced a very significant alteration, as can be seen in (figure 6) there is a residue of activated carbon at the bottom of the aquarium and the water looks clear. Thus, it can be concluded if adsorbent worked properly to adsorb cypermethrin concentration inside the chamber where the final result showed differences compared to a condition of the water before was turbid and after the water was given adsorbent the water became clear.
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Figure 2. The Condition of Aquarium after 24 hours of Adsorbent Additional Process A total of 300 Nile Tilapia used in this experiment, clear water makes Nile Tilapia survived long enough in the chambers compared to preliminary test before, in this study Nile Tilapia could survive approximately up to 11 hours in total. However, there was still mortality and during the experiment Nile Tilapia showed some physical characteristics (Table 7) and some behavioural changes (Table 8).
Table 7. Effect of Cypermethrin on Nile Tilapia in Five Repetitions using Adsorbent Treatments
No Concentration
Mortality of Nile Tilapia
in Five Repetitions Total Total
(%) Characteristics R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
1 3.8 ml/L 9 8 9 10 10 46 92%
Body fluids are very pale, the body is mushy and
watery, bleeding in gills, pale
organs, bile
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rupture, and blackish intestines.
2 3.1ml/L +
adsorbent 6 5 6 5 5 27 54%
Pale body fluids, pale organs, bile rupture, blackish
intestines.
3 3.4ml/L +
adsorbent 6 6 4 7 7 30 60%
Pale body fluids, pale organs,
blackish intestines.
4 3.8ml/L +
adsorbent 6 7 6 6 7 32 64%
Pale body fluids, pale organs,
blackish intestines, bile
rupture.
5 4.2ml/L +
adsorbent 8 7 7 6 8 36 72%
Pale body fluids, pale organs,
blackish intestines, bile
rupture.
6 4.6ml/L +
adsorbent 7 8 9 9 6 39 78%
Pale body fluids, pale organs,
blackish intestines, bile
rupture.
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Table 7 shows the treatments of cypermethrin with 5 repetitions, all the treatment using adsorbent with one as a control. Almost in every treatment, Nile tilapia showed the similar characteristics. In treatment without adsorbent using concentration 3.8 ml/L of cypermethrin, almost 92% of Nile tilapia found dead. In this concentration, almost all of the fish found dead with the average of mortality around 9 and 10 in some repetitions, which is showed some several damages such as the body fluids are very pale, the body of fish is mushy more to watery, bleeding in the gills, pale organs, bile rupture and blackish intestines. In this treatment, death time of Nile tilapia last fastest compared to another treatments using adsorbent. In the cypermethrin concentration of 3.1 ml/L using an adsorbent treatment, there were only 54% of Nile tilapia found dead, from the total of 27 fish dead the average amount of fish is 5 in some repetitions, followed with the characteristics such as pale body fluids, pale organs, bile rupture and blackish intestines.
In 3.4 ml/L of cypermethrin concentration with adsorbent treatment, there were 60% of Nile tilapia found dead which contains of 30 fish in total with an equal average is 6 and 7 such as pale body fluids, pale organs, and blackish intestines. Around 64% of Nile Tilapia found dead in 3.8 ml/L of cypermethrin concentration with adsorbent treatment with the average of 6 fish in some repetitions comprises of pale body fluids, pale organs, blackish intestines and bile rupture. 72% of Nile tilapia found dead with the average of 7 and 8 fish dead in some repetitions out of 36 fish dead total in the cypermethrin concentration of 4.2 ml/L with adsorbent treatment, the characteristics of dead fish could be seen as in pale body fluids, pale organs, blackish intestines and bile rupture. In the highest 4.6 ml/L cypermethrin concentration, 78% of Nile tilapia found dead with the average of 9 fish dead in some repetitions and the total of 39 fish dead. The characteristics were found pale in body fluids; pale organs, blackish intestines and bile
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rupture as well. It is clearly shown, in this experiment the mortality rate of Nile tilapia with adsorbent treatment resulted in lower percentage of death compared to Nile tilapia without adsorbent treatment.
Table 8. Observation of Cypermethrin Effect on Nile Tilapia
Concentration Behaviour of Nile Tilapia (R1 until R5) Mortality Time
3.8ml/L Almost all fish dead four and a half
hours 3.1ml/L+
adsorbent
Passive, fish were swimming sideway,
some fish dead 11 hours
3.4ml/L+
adsorbent
Some fish were swimming at the bottom,
some fish dead 9 hours
3.8ml/L+
adsorbent
Passive, some fish were swimming to the
surface, some fish dead 8 hours
4.2ml/L+
adsorbent
Some fish knockdown, some fish passive,
some fish dead 7.5 hours
4.6ml/L+
adsorbent
Some fish knockdown, some fish passive, some fish dead, some fish were swimming sideway
7 hours
In the preliminary test before, all fish dead in within four hours and a half, in this section during the experiment using adsorbent some fish showed various behavioural changes. In this experiment total death time for some fish were last approximately up to 11 hours after exposure. It was last longer compared to preliminary test. In the cypermethrin concentration of 3.8 ml/L without adsorbent treatment, after 33.2 minutes of exposure fish started to swam passively, some were swimming on the surface and at
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the bottom of the water, some were knockdown, at this concentration, after 46.8 minutes found 9 fish dead and within four and a half hours almost all fish dead. In the 3.1 ml/L of cypermethrin concentration with adsorbent treatment, fish showed the alteration in 5 hours after exposure, some fish were swimming sideway, some were passive. At this concentration 2 fish started to die in 5 hours and 27 minutes and last up to 11 hours for almost all fish to die. In 3.4 ml/L cypermethrin concentration with adsorbent treatment, after exposure in 4 hours and a half some fish moved aggressively, some fish were swimming on the bottom of the water and some were passive. In 4 hours and 31 minutes 3 fish found dead in this concentration. In 3.8 ml/L of cypermethrin concentration with adsorbent treatment, the effects of cypermethrin exposure were directly shown as the concentration was increased. It is clearly showed when in 3 hours after exposure some fish were swimming on the surface of the water showed irregular movement, continuous frequency of operculum movement, some were quiet and 5 fish were found dead in 3 hours and 33 minutes. At the higher 4.2 ml/L concentration of cypermethrin with adsorbent treatment, in 2 hours and 12 minutes some fish were becoming hyperactive, some were knockdown, some were swimming sideways and some tend to be on the surface. In this concentration in 2 hours and 40 minutes due to the higher concentration, 8 fish found dead. At the highest cypermethrin concentration of 4.6 ml/L with adsorbent treatment, some fish were looking very hyperactive in one hour and a half such as some fish showed rapid operative movements, dorsal fin that stand upright, some were knockdown, some were swimming sideways. In this concentration, 10 fish found dead in 2 hours.
The alterations in motoric behaviour of fish occurred because the insecticides interfere with the membrane transport of sodium, potassium, calcium, or chlorine ions,
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inhibit selective enzyme activities, and contribute to the release and/or the persistence of chemical transmitters at nerve endings (Akerblom, 2014). In this experiment, at first fish could adapt to the polluted water containing cypermethrin concentration then hours later fish started to experience paralysis, aggressive movement, hyperactive because there was a damage in mitochondrial function which caused the brain did not get oxygen supply lead to death due to lack of oxygen caused by the fish body could not bind oxygen dissolved in the blood.