didn't like It. 7 delicious
8 Look at the Useful Language. Which adjectives
are positive (P) and which are negative (N)?
Useful LANGUAGE
Giving your opinion
I think that ... / In my opinion ...
It's a great place for ...
| would / wouldn't recommend ...
Adjectives for food
bitter burnt colourful delicious dull healthy raw tasteless tasty unhealthy Adjectives for restaurants
bright charming dirty messy modern old-fashioned rude slow unfriendly
9 Now complete the Exam Task. Remember to make a plan before you begin and to think about different words you can use. Use the Useful Language to help you.
© Always make a plan before you begin writing.
© Think about how you will organise your information into paragraphs.
Planning and organisation
Include some key words in your plan. Try to use lots of different adjectives and not the same
‘ones all the time.
TASK
Writing an article
You see this notice on an English-language website.
Articles wanted
RESTAURANTS
Write about a restaurant you have visited recently.
Did you enjoy the food? Would you recommend it?
Write an article answering these questions and we will put it on our website.
Write your answer in about 100 words.
10 Complete the Reflection Checklist. Then discuss your answers with your partner.
How did you do? Tick ¥ the sentences that you think are true.
| made a writing plan.
| organised my ideas clearly into paragraphs.
| answered the questions in the task. LI
| used different adjectives.
| used correct adjective order.
2
Video Food truck nation
A food truck in Los Angeles, iil
erate)
Before you watch
Work in pairs. Look at the photo and discuss the questions.
1 Would you like to eat food from this truck?
Why? / Why not?
2 Do you see food trucks where you live? What kind of food do they serve?
While you watch
GB Watch the video. Complete the factsheet with these numbers.
50 236 5,000
5 million 828 million 43,000 75,000
Food trucks - facts and figures Earnings of the US food 1¢
truck industry
Average cost of a truck 2$
Total cost to get a foodtruck 3 $
ready for business ——
% of adult Americans who 4 % have eaten from a food truck
Number of trucks sending 5 tweets
Number of tweets sent by 6 food trucks
Number of cities where 7
trucks were active
After you watch
ED Complete the summary of the video with these words. Then watch the video again and check your answers.
home-cooked
tweets
catering costs
range _ reasonably quality
social media Food trucks are popular because they serve
food at low prices. They are a good way for people to start in the business because the * are low compared to opening a café. The chefs provide a*__ of specialties like sandwiches and cheeseburgers. Lots of people like using the trucks because the food is high
k and priced. But in order
to succeed, food trucks need to use” z including Twitter and Facebook. As they move around so much, they send out ® to let their customers know where they are.
® Do you prefer food that is high quality or reasonably priced? Can food be both at the same time?
© Do you use Twitter to find out what is happening now?
It’s natural
The aurora borealis above Churchill, Manitoba,
Canada
Work in pairs. Look at the photo and discuss the questions.
Have you ever seen the aurora borealis, or
‘northern lights’?
Do you know what causes it?
In which countries can you see the northern lights?
R Re a d | n 9g reading for general understanding; multiple choice with one text
Work in pairs. Think of the different animals that live in the sea. How many can you name in English?
Changes are happening to our climate because the Earth is getting warmer. How do you think climate change affects our oceans?
Read the article on page 31 quickly. Does it mention any of your ideas from Exercise 2?
Read the article again and answer the questions.
1. Where did Emma learn about marine biology?
2 Howare coral reefs formed?
3 Why are warmer seas a problem?
4 Why is it important to save the coral reefs?
Read the Exam Tip. Then read the first question in the Exam Task. Underline the information in the article that will help you choose the best answer.
Now complete the Exam Task.
T
Reading for general understanding
* It’s a good idea to get a general understanding of the message of the text before you complete the task.
© Read the text carefully from beginning to end, without worrying about new vocabulary. This will give you a good idea of what the text is about.
Take some time to think about all the ideas in the text before starting the task.
* Look at the first question in the task. Read the first paragraph of the text again carefully and find the information that relates to the question.
Choose the best option. Then do the same with the rest of the task.
Multiple choice with one text
For each question, choose the correct answer.
1 Asa child, Emma decided to study marine biology because
A she wanted to live in Australia.
Bs she loved snorkelling.
C_ she was excited to discover life under the water.
D she wanted to save coral reefs.
2 Corals are
A plants that look like animals.
B animals that look like plants.
C animals that eat skeletons.
D skeletons of plants.
3 Emma thinks that coral reefs are valuable because
A they are very beautiful.
B_ there aren't very many of them.
C many different animals and plants live around them.
D algae live inside them.
4 Emma believes that
A more people should study marine biology.
B_ everyone can take action to look after the planet.
C only marine biologists can understand how to help coral reefs.
D_ warmer seas can help coral reefs grow.
5 What would be the best summary for this article?
A This article describes how Emma became a marine biologist and where her favourite coral reefs are.
B This article explains what coral reefs are and tells us how Emma is trying to help them.
C This article gives us information about the Great Barrier Reef and explains what Emma has discovered there.
D This article describes how Emma is fighting climate change and explains why corals can live in warm seas.
fascinated (ad): very interested.
is made from the remains of Số, marine animals
Y '. cety or around something that visible (ad): able Dư to be seen
Emma Camp is a National Geographic explorer and marine biologist. She has been fascinated by coral reefs since she went on a snorkelling holiday when she was six years old. When she put her head unđer the water, she was amazed to see a whole new world. She knew then that she wanted to learn more about sea life. Emma studied marine biology in the UK, but now she lives in Sydney, Australia and she spends a lot of her time exploring coral reefs around the world.
Corals have the appearance of plants, but they are actually made up of tiny animals called polyps. Polyps create their own skeletons out of limestone.
Over thousands of years, these limestone skeletons have joined together to make coral reefs. The biggest reef in the world is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It covers an area of nearly 350,000 square kilometres and is the only living structure which is visible from space.
Emma loves the beauty and bright colours of the coral reefs. The colours come from plants called algae which live inside the corals. But Emma knows that the reefs aren“t just beautiful, they“re also very important.
Although they cover less than 1% of the ocean floor, coral reefs are home to 25% of all marine species. They help provide food for many millions of people and they also protect the coast from storms.
However, our seas are getting warmer because of climate change. When the ocean gets too warm, the algae leave the corals, the corals turn white and they soon die. The Great Barrier Reef has now lost about 50% of its corals.
But Emma has discovered that in other parts of the world, corals can live
even in very warm seas. She wants to find out more about these corals.
Perhaps she can use them to help the Great Barrier Reef.
We can’t all become marine biologists, but Emma thinks that we can do things to help the environment. We can reduce our use of plastics, travel by car less often and help clean up the beaches. We can also talk to our friends and family about coral reefs so that everyone understands why they are important.
31
ủ Voca bu la ry geographical features; climate change
Geographical features Climate change
‘1 Write these words under the correct photo. 3 Read the text about renewable energy. Then
32
cave cliff coast glacier © ocean rainforest stream valley
1; —_. 8
2 EXD Complete the sentences with the words from Exercise 1. Then listen and check your answers.
1 My aunt lives in a house onthe__— and swims in the every morning.
2 There are 427 different types of mammals in the Amazon
3 There was a deep ___ between the two mountains.
4 We filled our bottles with water from the 5 Many tourists visit Antarctica to see its huge 6 Don't stand so close to the edge of the
____________! It's dangerous.
7 In 1940, four boys discovered some amazing paintings in a ________in Lascaux, France.
match 1-5 with a-e to make collocations about the environment.
1. climate a fuels
2 fossil b energy
3 renewable ¢ power
4 solar d_ station
5 power e change
Renewable energy
Humans use a lot of energy. We travel by car, train or bus; we want our houses to be a comfortable temperature; we build big factories that need electricity and big power stations to produce electricity. But our need for energy has created a problem - climate change. One of the causes of climate change is our use of fossil fuels. When we burn these fuels, the Earth’s atmosphere gets
warmer. However, there are other sources of
energy. Renewable energy uses energy sources
that will never run out, such as the sun, the wind or water. Some countries, like Scotland, Costa Rica and Iceland, get nearly 100% of their energy from these sources and Morocco is building the world’s largest solar power farm in the Sahara Desert. In the future, perhaps we will stop using fossil fuels completely.
Match the sentences (1-5) with a sentence that naturally follows (a-e).
1 Renewable energy is very important.
2 Humans are getting most of their energy from fossil fuels.
3 Many people think climate change is a big problem.
4 Solar power is available everywhere.
5 Power stations are often huge.
a_ We produce most of our electricity in them.
b We get it from the sun and it is very easy to produce.
c The use of these is one of the causes of climate change.
d_ The temperature of the Earth and sea has gone up by about 1% in the last 100 years.
e It is the power we get from the sun, wind and sea.
G ra m m a Ữ present perfect simple; present perfect continuous
Present perfect simple
‘1 Read the sentences (1-4). Choose the correct options to complete the rule.
1. The scientist has won many prizes.
2. The students have just completed their project.
3 | don’t know how to use the camera because | haven't read the instructions.
4 I've lost my water bottle.
We form the present perfect simple with the correct form of have / be and the infinitive / past participle of the main verb.
2 Match the sentences in Exercise 1 (1-4) with the uses of the present perfect simple (a-d).
a_ actions that have just finished b experiences and achievements
¢ actions that happened in the past but have results that affect the present
d actions that happened in the past but we don’t know or say when
D® Grammar reference 3.1, p163
3 > Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or the past simple form of the verbs.
1 Jan (have) two holidays this year. In March, she __ (travel) to India and in July she (go) to Scotland.
2 My brother (just buy) a new smartphone and he never stops looking at it!
3 Alot of things (change) since | (study) climate change at college.
Present perfect continuous
4 Read the sentences (1-3). Choose the correct option to complete the rule.
1 He is hot because he has been walking fast.
2 I've been learning about climate change.
3 The explorers have been travelling through the rainforest for ten months.
We form the present perfect continuous with the
correct form of * have / be, +° being / been and the
< infinitive / -ing form of the main verb.
5 Match the sentences in Exercise 4 (1-3) with the uses of the present perfect continuous (a-c).
a actions that began in the past and continue now, or have happened repeatedly until now
b actions that continued for a period of time and have finished but that have results that affect the present
¢ to say how long actions have continued for
We don't use the present perfect continuous when we mention the number of times an action occurred or when we mention quantities. We use the present perfect simple, e.g. Dan has eaten five
biscuits this morning.
D® Grammar reference 3.2, p164
Choose the correct option to complete the
sentences.
1 Solar power has become / became cheaper over the last twenty years.
2. Climate change caused / has caused many glaciers to melt.
3 The Earth has been getting / has got warmer for about a hundred years.
4 The fisherman has been catching / has caught 50 kilos of fish since yesterday.
Complete the text with the present perfect simple, the present perfect continuous or the past simple form of the verbs.
Icebergs
Every year about 10,000-15,000 icebergs form around the world. Modern ships have technology that shows where the icebergs are, but in the past icebergs
\ (be) one of the biggest dangers in the sea.
In the last 200 years, many ships ?___(sink) after hitting icebergs. The famous Titanic?___ (hit) an iceberg in 1912 and many people *__ (die).
Because of this accident, thirteen countries ° (form) the International Ice Patrol in 1914. Ever since then, this organisation ¢ (give) information to ships about icebergs. This information ’
(probably / save) many lives.
33
ủ L | ste Nn | Nn g predicting the type of answer needed; gap fill
1 Work in pairs. Match the sentences (1-6) with the type of word you need in the gap (a-e).
One word type matches two sentences.
1 The average length of a great white shark is metres.
2 Great whites are not, in fact, all white but mostly 3 Agreat white shark has got approximately
teeth.
4 _______ or seals are the great white shark’s main source of food.
5 It can swim very fast because of its strong 6 _— — — — isthe great white sharks most
important sense.
an animal a colour a number
a part of the body
a sense (e.g. taste, hearing, smell, sight, touch)
°đ 0n ơứ
2 EXD Now listen and complete the sentences in Exercise 1. Write no more than three words or a number or a date or a time.
3 Read the Exam Tip. Then look at the Exam Task.
Think about the type of word that could go in each gap.
4 EX Now listen and complete the Exam Task.
Predicting the type of answer needed
© It's a good idea to understand what type of information you need to fill the gaps before you listen.
¢ Read the words around each gap and try to think of the type of words or numbers which could go in the gap.
¢ Then listen and write the exact numbers or words that you hear.
¢ In each gap, you will usually need to write between one and two words.
- Gap fil |
For each question, write the correct answer in the gap. Write one or two words or a number or a | date ora time.
You will hear a talk by a scientist who studies sharks. | Shark attacks - the truth!
Number of people who died from shark attacks in 2019: (1)
Country with the highest number of shark attacks:
(2)
Sharks bite because they want to find out (3) ______ about objects.
Sharks probably don’t eat humans because
humans have too many (4) Humans kill approximately (5) sharks per year.
Sharks are sometimes used to produce very
(6) food.
*
` pea ki n g talking about the environment; listening to instructions; picture discussion
a school blog about the environment plastic, card, paper and cans
trees
part in environmental action
your use of electricity and water at home
or take public transport whenever possible
____________ to your friends and family about how to help the environment 8 Organise local events to _______ beaches, parks, rivers, etc.
Complete the poster with these verbs.
clean plant recyce reduce take talk walk write
Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 Which of the things from Exercise 1 do you do to help the environment?
2 Can you think of other ways to help the environment at home and at school?
ESD Read the Exam Tip. Then listen and complete the instructions for the Exam Task.
In this part of the test you're going to talk about something together for about '
minutes. I'm going to describe a situation to you.
A? _____ committee is trying to decide which ?_____its students could do to help + the environment. Here are some ideas. Talk together about the Ê things the students could do, and then say which project would be & :
4 Now work in pairs. Complete the Exam Task.
Use the Useful Language to help you. Follow the instructions in Exercise 3.
Useful LANGUAGE
Opening discussions
Shall we begin / start with this ... ? Let's begin / start by looking at ...
First of all, ...
To begin / start with, ...
Let's move on to...
Shall we talk about ... now?
TIP
Listening to instructions
* Inthe exam, the examiner will give you a set of pictures and explain the task. Listen to the instructions carefully and make sure you understand what you have to talk about.
¢ If you aren't sure or you are nervous, you can politely ask the examiner to repeat the instructions.
© The pictures will show different ideas for you to discuss; for example, different ways to help the environment. Look at each picture and decide what idea it shows before you begin the discussion.
Mme Picture discussion
35
ủ Voca bu la ry environment verbs; prepositions (1)
Environment verbs
1 Match the verbs (1-8) with the definitions (a-h).
1 break a_ bring together 2 collect b stop from happening 3 destroy ¢ arrive at a particular place 4 prevent d_ continue to live
5 reach e take away
6 remove f start an organisation 7 setup g separate into smaller pieces 8 survive h_ damage something so badly
that it can’t exist
2 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs from Exercise 1.
The Great Garbage Patch
In the middle of the North Pacific Ocean, there's a huge area of rubbish. It's more than twice the size of Texas and it’s full of plastic. Most plastic is not
biodegradable. This means that it doesn’t wear out, it just '_________into smaller and smaller pieces.
This plastic rubbish 2 a lot of marine life.
Fish, birds and turtles eat the small pieces of plastic and become very ill. The plastic also ?
the sunlight from * marine plants under the water. These plants can’t §__ without sunlight, so they die. However, there is some good news. A few years ago, a young inventor called Boyan Slat° _ an organisation called The Ocean Cleanup. They have designed a piece of equipment that?_________up the plastic from the ocean.
People then put the plastic onto a ship, which takes it to a recycling centre. With this device, Boyan hopes to? about 8,800 tons of plastic per year
(for the first five years) from the ocean.
Prepositions (1)
3 Complete the sentences with these prepositions.
at before from in into onto over to We're going to set up an eco club soon - we hope todoit__ the end of term.
| have been using solar power for — a decade now. Twelve years, in fact.
In Iceland, you can explore many natural features, caves to glaciers.
They have turned this land ____— a wind farm.
The stream goes from the top of the mountain the bottom of the valley.
Species from the rainforest have appeared people's garden ponds.
Bacteria on animals can get our hands.
I'm busy working on a project about the
environment the moment.