In terms of further research, future researchers can look into how learners' personality factors affect the link between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary teaching tactics. A number of characteristics, including age, gender, proficiency level, achievement, and learning habits are thought to influence the usage of learning strategies. It appears reasonable to anticipate that taking these variables into account would have an impact on the research findings.
Secondly, researchers might look into whether the process of assessing vocabulary has an impact on the use and growth of vocabulary learning strategies. It is intended that research will continue to be conducted in order to shed more light on questions surrounding vocabulary learning strategies. This is the only way to gain a better understanding of the complex processes of vocabulary instruction and, ultimately, lexical development in foreign languages.
Thirdly, the findings in this study are limited to only freshmen students from one course of study. As such, caution must be observed in making any generalization from the results of this study. It is recommended that more research be done to revisit the relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size in other tertiary institutions and among students studying different courses.
Finally, it is also necessary for teachers to recognize that some strategies may be more suited to some minority ethnic students than to others and to give students adequate opportunities to explore and experience varied strategies to find ones that suit them. Also, they need to know factors affecting students’ vocabulary learning strategies. The more teachers know about factors affecting students’ vocabulary learning strategies, the more readily the teacher can design such lessons that students with many different characteristics can receive what they need (Oxford &
Ehrman, 1995).
49
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I
APPENDIX 1: Questionnaire of Vocabulary Learning Strategies (Adapted from Schmitt, N, 1997)
Part I: General Information
1. Name : ______________________________________
2. Class : _____________________________________
3. Study Program : ______________________________________
4. Gender : Female/Male
5. Age : _________ years old
6. How long have you been studying English? 3-5 years / 5-10 years / more than 10 years
Part II: Statements of Vocabulary Learning
A. This vocabulary learning strategy is designed for students who learn English as a foreign language. You will find out about vocabulary learning strategies. Please
read each statement.
B. Put (√ ) in the box (5,4, 3, 2, 1) that tells the degree of opinion on the strategies you use to learn English vocabulary. Please mark the statement that most describes you.
5 = always use it 4 = often use it 3 = sometimes use it 2 = seldom use it 1= never
use it
Example:
Type The Statement of Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Degree of Frequency
5 4 3 2 1
DET 1. I use a dictionary to check for meanings of new words.
√
Type The Statement of Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Degree of Frequency
5 4 3 2 1
DET 1. I use a dictionary to check for meanings of new words.
II
DET 2. I analyze the word by breaking it into sound segments.
DET 3. I analyze the part of speech of the new word.
DET 4. I analyze the affixes and roots of the new word.
DET 5. I analyze any available pictures or gestures to guess the word.
DET 6. I guess the meaning of new words from context.
SOC 7. I ask my teacher to translate the words into Vietnamese.
SOC 8. I ask my teacher for a new word’s synonym.
SOC 9. I ask my classmates for the meaning of the word.
SOC
10. I ask my teacher to phut an unknown word into a sentence to helpme understand the word’s meaning.
SOC 11. I know some new words when working in groups.
MEM 12. I remember words by doing group work activities in class
MEM 13. I link the word to a visual image in my mind.
MEM 14. I link the word to another English word with a similar sound.
MEM 15. I link the word to a Vietnamese word with a similar sound.
III
MEM 16. I use sound and meaning associations.
MEM 17. I group words together with a storyline.
MEM 18. I remember the sentence in which the word is used.
MEM 19. I remember the new word together with the context where the new word occurs.
MEM 20. I try to use newly learned words in imaginary situations in my mind.
COG 21. I repeatedly say the word in my mind frequently.
COG 22. I repeatedly spell the word in my mind.
COG 23. I repeatedly say the word aloud.
COG 24. I repeatedly write the word.
COG 25. I remember words by doing a project.
COG 26. I write a new word on a flash card so I can remember it.
MET 27. I listen to English songs and news.
MET
28. I do not worry very much about the difficult words found when reading or listening, I pass them.
MET 29. I use on-line exercises to test my vocabulary knowledge.
MET 30. I remember words by doing dictations.
IV
APPENDIX 2: Vocabulary Size Test
(Adapted from Nation, I. S. P. & Beglar, D, 2007)
Circle the letter a-d with the closest meaning to the key word in the question.
First 1000
1. SEE: They saw it.
a. cut
b. waited for c. looked at d. started
2. TIME: They have a lot of time.
a. money b. food c. hours d. friends
3. PERIOD: It was a difficult period.
a. question b. time c. thing to do d. book
4. FIGURE: Is this the right figure?
a. answer b. place c. time d. number
5. POOR: We are poor.
a. have no money b. feel happy
c. are very interested d. do not like to work hard 6. DRIVE: He drives fast.
a. swims b. learns c. throws balls d. uses a car
7. JUMP: She tried to jump.
a. lie on top of the water b. get off the ground suddenly c. stop the car at the edge of the road d. move very fast
8. SHOE: Where is your shoe?
a. the person who looks after you
Second 1000
1. MAINTAIN: Can they maintain it?
a. keep it as it is b. make it larger
c. get a better one than it d. get it
2. STONE: He sat on a stone.
a. hard thing b. kind of chair
c. soft thing on the floor d. part of a tree
3. UPSET: I am upset.
a. tired b. famous c. rich d. unhappy
4. DRAWER: The drawer was empty.
a. sliding box
b. place where cars are kept c. cupboard to keep things cold d. animal house
5. PATIENCE: He has no patience.
a. will not wait happily b. has no free time c. has no faith
d. does not know what is fair
6. NIL: His mark for that question was nil.
a. very bad b. nothing c. very good d. in the middle
7. PUB: They went to the pub.
a. place where people drink and talk b. place that looks after money c. large building with many shops d. building for swimming
8. CIRCLE: Make a circle.
a. rough picture
V b. the thing you keep your money in c. the thing you use for writing d. the thing you wear on your foot 9. STANDARD: Her standards are very high.
a. the bits at the back under her shoes b. the marks she gets in school c. the money she asks for
d. the levels she reaches in everything 10. BASIS: This was used as the basis.
a. answer
b. place to take a rest c. next step
d. main part
b. space with nothing in it c. round shape
d. large hole
9. MICROPHONE: Please use the microphone.
a. machine for making food hot b. machine that makes sounds louder c. machine that makes things look bigger d. small telephone that can be carried around
10. PRO: He's a pro.
a. someone who is employed to find out important secrets
b. a stupid person
c. someone who writes for a newspaper d. someone who is paid for playing sport etc
Third 1000
1. SOLDIER: He is a soldier.
a. person in a business b. student
c. person who uses metal d. person in the army
2. RESTORE: It has been restored.
a. said again
b. given to a different person c. given a lower price
d. made like new again
3. JUG: He was holding a jug.
a. A container for pouring liquids b. an informal discussion
c. A soft cap
d. A weapon that explodes 4. SCRUB: He is scrubbing it.
a. cutting shallow lines into it b. repairing it
c. rubbing it hard to clean it d. drawing simple pictures of it
5. DINOSAUR: The children were pretending
to be dinosaurs.
a. robbers who work at sea
b. very small creatures with human form but with wings
Fourth 1000
1. COMPOUND: They made a new compound.
a. agreement
b. thing made of two or more parts c. group of people forming a business d. guess based on past experience 2. LATTER: I agree with the latter.
a. man from the church b. reason given
c. last one d. answer
3. CANDID: Please be candid.
a. be careful b. show sympathy
c. show fairness to both sides d. say what you really think 4. TUMMY: Look at my tummy.
a. cloth to cover the head b. stomach
c. small furry animal d. thumb
5. QUIZ: We made a quiz.
a. thing to hold arrows b. serious mistake c. set of questions
d. box for birds to make nests in
VI c. large creatures with wings that
breathe fire
d. animals that lived a long time ago 6. STRAP: He broke the strap.
a. promise b. top cover
c. shallow dish for food
d. strip of material for holding things together
7. PAVE: It was paved.
a. prevented from going through b. divided
c. given gold edges
d. covered with a hard surface 8. DASH: They dashed over it.
a. moved quickly b. moved slowly c. fought
d. looked quickly
9. ROVE: He couldn't stop roving.
a. getting drunk b. travelling around
c. making a musical sound through closed lips
d. working hard
10. LONESOME: He felt lonesome.
a. ungrateful b. very tired c. lonely
d. full of energy
6. INPUT: We need more input.
a. information, power, etc. put into something
b. workers
c. artificial filling for a hole in wood d. money
7. CRAB: Do you like crabs?
a. sea creatures that walk sideways b. very thin small cakes
c. tight, hard collars
d. large black insects that sing at night 8. VOCABULARY: You will need more vocabulary.
a. words b. skill c. money d. guns
9. REMEDY: We found a good remedy.
a. way to fix a problem b. place to eat in public c. way to prepare food d. rule about numbers
10. ALLEGE: They alleged it.
a. claimed it without proof
b. stole the ideas for it from someone else
c. provided facts to prove it d. argued against the facts that supported it
Fifth 1000
1. DEFICIT: The company had a large deficit.
a. spent a lot more money than it earned
b. went down a lot in value
c. had a plan for its spending that used a lot of money
d. had a lot of money in the bank 2. WEEP: He wept.
a. finished his course b. cried
c. died d. worried
Sixth 1000
1. DEVIOUS: Your plans are devious.
a. tricky
b. well-developed c. not well thought out
d. more expensive than necessary 2. PREMIER: The premier spoke for an hour.
a. person who works in a law court b. university teacher
c. adventurer
d. head of the government 3. BUTLER: They have a butler.
a. man servant
VII 3. NUN: We saw a nun.
a. long thin creature that lives in the earth
b. terrible accident
c. woman following a strict religious life d. unexplained bright light in the sky 4. HAUNT: The house is haunted.
a. full of ornaments b. rented
c. empty
d. full of ghosts
5. COMPOST: We need some compost.
a. strong support b. help to feel better
c. hard stuff made of stones and sand stuck together
d. rotted plant material
6. CUBE: I need one more cube.
a. sharp thing used for joining things b. solid square block
c. tall cup with no saucer
d. piece of stiff paper folded in half 7. MINIATURE: It is a miniature.
a. a very small thing of its kind
b. an instrument to look at small objects c. a very small living creature
d. a small line to join letters in handwriting
8. PEEL: Shall I peel it?
a. let it sit in water for a long time b. take the skin off it
c. make it white
d. cut it into thin pieces
9. FRACTURE: They found a fracture.
a. break b. small piece c. short coat d. rare jewel
10. BACTERIUM: They didn't find a single
bacterium.
a. small living thing causing disease b. plant with red or orange flowers c. animal that carries water on its back
b. machine for cutting up trees c. private teacher
d. cool dark room under the house
4. ACCESSORY: They gave us some accessories.
a. papers allowing us to enter a country b. official orders
c. ideas to choose between d. extra pieces
5. THRESHOLD: They raised the threshold.
a. flag
b. point or line where something changes c. roof inside a building
d. cost of borrowing money
6. THESIS: She has completed her thesis.
a. long written report of study carried out for a university degree
b. talk given by a judge at the end of a trial
c. first year of employment after becoming a teacher
d. extended course of hospital treatment 7. STRANGLE: He strangled her.
a. killed her by pressing her throat b. gave her all the things she wanted c. took her away by force
d. admired her greatly
8. CAVALIER: He treated her in a cavalier manner.
a. without care b. politely c. awkwardly
d. as a brother would
9. MALIGN: His malign influence is still felt.
a. evil b. good
c. very important d. secret
10. VEER: The car veered.
a. went suddenly in another direction b. moved shakily
c. made a very loud noise
VIII d. thing that has been stolen and sold
to a shop
d. slid sideways without the wheels turning
Seventh 1000
1. OLIVE: We bought olives.
a. oily fruit
b. scented pink or red flowers c. men's clothes for swimming d. tools for digging up weeds 2. QUILT: They made a quilt.
a. statement about who should get their property when they die
b. firm agreement
c. thick warm cover for a bed d. feather pen
3. STEALTH: They did it by stealth.
a. spending a large amount of money b. hurting someone so much that they agreed to their demands
c. moving secretly with extreme care and quietness
d. taking no notice of problems they met 4. SHUDDER: The boy shuddered.
a. spoke with a low voice b. almost fell
c. shook
d. called out loudly
5. BRISTLE: The bristles are too hard.
a. questions b. short stiff hairs c. folding beds
d. bottoms of the shoes
6. BLOC: They have joined this bloc.
a. musical group b. band of thieves
c. small group of soldiers who are sent ahead
of others
d. group of countries sharing a purpose 7. DEMOGRAPHY: This book is about demography.
a. the study of patterns of land use
b. the study of the use of pictures to show facts
Eighth 1000
1. ERRATIC: He was erratic.
a. without fault b. very bad c. very polite d. unsteady
2. PALETTE: He lost his palette.
a. basket for carrying fish b. wish to eat food
c. young female companion d. artist's board for mixing paints 3. NULL: His influence was null.
a. had good results b. was unhelpful c. had no effect d. was long-lasting
4. KINDERGARTEN: This is a good kindergarten.
a. activity that allows you to forget your worries
b. place of learning for children too young for school
c. strong, deep bag carried on the back d. place where you may borrow books 5. ECLIPSE: There was an eclipse.
a. a strong wind
b. a loud noise of something hitting the water
c. The killing of a large number of people d. The sun hidden by a planet
6. MARROW: This is the marrow.
a. symbol that brings good luck to a team b. Soft centre of a bone
c. control for guiding a plane d. increase in salary
7. LOCUST: There were hundreds of locusts.
a. insects with wings b. unpaid helpers
c. people who do not eat meat d. brightly coloured wild flowers