Based on the limitations of this study, future research should extend the scope of the study through the use of larger samples of English commercial contracts or/and business documents. Furthermore, it is suggested that researchers utilize advanced tools and algorithms to improve the detection and categorization of mistranslations produced by GT in commercial contracts and business documents. Moreover, it is recommended that further studies explore more linguistic features to better understand the quality of translation provided by GT and other MT tools. Finally, as artificial intelligence (AI) tools are continually improving and becoming popular, they can function as translation tools, such as ChatGPT and Gemini (Google Bard), which are the popular AI chatbots. Therefore, comparative studies
of the translation function of AI systems should be done in the future to investigate their advantages as well as disadvantages when translating commercial contracts.
93
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APPENDICES Appendix 1: Sources of 10 STs S1: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Agreement for Extension of Lease. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6,
2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=71:r eal-estate&Itemid=363
S2: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Contract for Sale of Goods. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=72:s ales-and-marketing&Itemid=363
S3: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
International Distributorship Agreement. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March
6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=65:i mport-export&Itemid=363
S4: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Event Photography Contract. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=10:s ervices&Itemid=363
S5: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Legal Consultancy Agreement. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6, 2024,
from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=10:s ervices&Itemid=363
S6: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Joint Marketing Agreement. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=72:s
104
ales-and-marketing&Itemid=363
S7: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Retail Agreement Agreement. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=72:s ales-and-marketing&Itemid=363
S8: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Agreement for Import of Vehicles. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March 6,
2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=65:i mport-export&Itemid=363
S9: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013, January).
Promotion and Product Placement Agreement. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved
March 6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=72:s ales-and-marketing&Itemid=363
S10: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (2013,
January). Advertising Agency Agreement. SMEDA Legal Services. Retrieved March
6, 2024, from
https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=72:s ales-and-marketing&Itemid=363
105
Appendix 2: Analysis of TTs by comparing with suggested translations
The researcher analyzed and explained every mistranslated feature and every error type. However, due to the space constraints of this thesis, it is impossible to present all of them. Hence, only one example for each, which is different from the examples presented in Chapter 4, is introduced in Appendix 2.
3.1. Lexical features
3.1.1. Overtly erroneous errors
3.1.1.1. Breaches of the TL system
a) Ungrammaticality
None
b) Dubious acceptability
Archaic word GT translation Source (S&T)
Suggested translation
hereto
kèm theo
ở đây
2
4,5,7,9 của Hợp Đồng này
“kèm theo”
S2: WHEREAS the Seller is the producer/owner is possession of the [insert description of goods] (hereinafter referred to as the “Goods”, and more particularly described in the Schedule hereto)
T2: XÉT RẰNG Người bán là nhà sản xuất/chủ sở hữu đang sở hữu [điền mô tả hàng hóa] (sau đây gọi là “Hàng hóa” và được mô tả cụ thể hơn trong Phụ lục kèm theo).
“ở đây”
S4,7: Neither Party hereto may assign, convey or otherwise transfer
any of its rights, obligations, or interest herein without prior express written consent of the other Party.
T4,7: Không Bên nào ở đây được phép chuyển nhượng, chuyển giao hoặc chuyển giao bất kỳ quyền, nghĩa vụ hoặc lợi ích nào của mình trong tài liệu này mà không có sự đồng ý trước bằng văn bản rõ ràng của Bên kia.
S5: The Legal Consultant hereto agree that all the information, whether
106
written or oral, including but not limited to all documents, data, [...]
T5: Tư vấn pháp lý ở đây đồng ý rằng tất cả thông tin, dù bằng văn bản hay
bằng lời nói, bao gồm nhưng không giới hạn ở tất cả các tài liệu, dữ liệu, [...]
S9: [...] the Parties hereto intending to be legally bound [...]
T9: [...] Các Bên ở đây có ý định bị ràng buộc về mặt pháp lý [...]
Explanation: Translating “hereto” directly as “ở đây” or “kèm theo” in Vietnamese is inappropriate and may lead to sentences that are ambiguous or unclear. In the context of commercial contracts, the literal translation of “hereto” as
“ở đây” (means “here”) or “kèm theo” (means “attach to”) fails to convey the intended legal meaning.
Suggested translation:
T2: XÉT RẰNG Người bán là nhà sản xuất/chủ sở hữu đang sở hữu [điền mô tả hàng hóa] (sau đây gọi là “Hàng hóa” và được mô tả cụ thể hơn trong Phụ lục của Hợp Đồng này).
T4,7: Không Bên nào của Hợp Đồng này được phép chuyển nhượng,
chuyển giao hoặc chuyển giao bất kỳ quyền, nghĩa vụ hoặc lợi ích nào của mình trong tài liệu này mà không có sự đồng ý trước bằng văn bản rõ ràng của Bên kia.
T5: Tư vấn pháp lý của Hợp Đồng này đồng ý rằng tất cả thông tin, dù bằng
văn bản hay bằng lời nói, bao gồm nhưng không giới hạn ở tất cả các tài liệu, dữ liệu, [...]
T9: [...] Các Bên của Hợp Đồng này có ý định bị ràng buộc về mặt pháp lý [...]
3.1.1.2. Altered mismatch between the ST and TT elements’ denotative meanings
a) Additions
None