Simple Form Pqst Participle (-ed/-en)
Regular walk
intend
walked intended
walked intended
Irregular srng
take
sang took
sung taken
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PAST PERFECT
. ." That person responds by saying who the person was or what the person did. If that team member cannot respond, anyone else on the team may try. You score two points for answering if you are chosen but only one point for anyone on your team answering. The instructor and stlrdents will determine if the answer is accurate or not.
Madame Curie Confucius Albert Einstein Golda Meir
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Aristotle Galileo
Eleanor Roosevelt
Vincent van Gogh Mao Tse-tung Michelangelo George Washington Christopher Columbus Elvis Presley
Indira Gandhi
You may, of course, continue with people that you name. As a follow-up exercise, write five sentences about the life and achievements of a figure of historical importance in your country.
9d. Past perfect
The past perfect (had + participle) is used when a relationship with the basic past time exists. It indicates that an action was completed before another one in the past occurred. It is not used just to express past time. Beware of overusing the past perfect. Every time you use it, check to make sure that you have established both a basic past time and a time preceding it.
The past perfect often occurs in one of the following patterns:
When By the time
S + V in basic past, S + V in past perfect when
S + V in past perfect
by the time
S + V in basic past
EXAMPLES
When I arrived, everyone had left.
Everyone had left when I arrived.
(two times, one before the other in the past) By the time I arrived, everyone had left.
Everyone had left by the time I arrived.
(I arrived late. Everyone had left. There was nobody there.)
However, the same idea of sequence can be communicated by using a time word like before, after, or then, rsed with the basic past:
95
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\.ERB TENSES: PAST
Everyone left before I arrived.
I arrived after everyone left.
Everyone left; then I arrived.
If only one past action occurs, if two actions occur simultaneously with when, or if a sequence is signaled with a word like after or before, the basic past form is used:
Not xWhen I had visited my country, I had been very happy.
But When I visited my country, I was very happy. (simultaneous events)
Not *Yesterday, I had gone to the library.
But Yesterday, I went to the library. (one past time)
Not *After he had greeted Old Ding, he noticed that he limped.
But After he greeted Old Ding, he noticed that he limped. (se- quence signaled with word q.fter)
EXERCISE 6 (oral)
Make up six sentences about new experiences you have had in your life. Use the following pattern with until:
I had never eaten a barbecued steak until I came to the United States.
EXERCISE 7
In each sentence, insert an appropriate form of the given verb.
Remember that the past perfect is used to signal that one event occurred before another in the past when no other signal is used.
1. When my friends arrived to take me out for dinner, they were disappointed to hear that I ( e a t ) .
2. Thev reallv (enjoy) the concert last night.
3. When he (grve) them the drawing, they
were delighted.
4. I saw that he was limping, and I assumed that he (hurt) himself while working.
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PAST PROGRESSIVE AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSWE
5. When he (get) up close, I could see what
was wrong.
6. The fishermen wanted to grve him their boat because he (grve) them a drawing.
9e. Past progressive and past perfect progressive
The past progressive (waslwere + -ing) is used to express an activity in progress in the past for a long time:
He was working all day yesterday.
He was working while I was playing tennis.
Note that with while, the progressive form occurs in both clauses.
This tense is also used to express an activity in progress at a specified point of time in the past:
He was working at midnight last night.
A when clause is often used to indicate the particular point in time:
He was working when I called.
The past perfect progressive occurs with two different signals: one indicates the length of the activity in progress, and the other indicates a specific point in time in the past:
He had been working for three hours by the time I woke up or when I woke up.
Since duration of time is important here, since andfor are often used with this tense form.