CHAPTER II: TECHNICAL TERMS OF THE PEDC PROJECT
II.3 Classification of technical terms of the PEDC Project according to their structural features
II.3.1 Single terms and neologisms
Single terms are made up of one word (usually a noun or a verb), and neologisms can be acronyms, new coinages, abbreviations, collocations.
II.3.1.1 Single terms which appear in the form of a verb
Upgrade nâng chuẩn
Train tập huấn
Guide hướng dẫn
Facilitate hỗ trợ
Disseminate tuyên truyền, phổ biến
One important feature of these terms is that they are not “fixed”, i.e they can appear either in the form of a verb or a noun at different time in the same text or in the same sentence to avoid repetition. Almost all the verbs have their nouns to be used as alternatives.
Verbs Nouns
Upgrade Upgrading (sự nâng chuẩn)
Train Training (việc tập huấn)
Guide Guidance (sự hướng dẫn)
Facilitate Facilitation (sự hỗ trợ)
Disseminate Dissemination (sự tuyên truyền, phổ biến)
Another important feature of some of these verbs is that each verb usually goes with (in collocations) one or two certain nouns. Examples of verbs and nouns that go together are:
Upgrade Teaching Assistant Nâng chuẩn Nhân viên hỗ trợ giáo viên
Facilitate training Hỗ trợ tập huấn
Disseminate event Tuyên truyền, phổ biến sự kiện
Develop professional activities Phát triển các hoạt động chuyên môn II.3.1.2 Single terms which appear in the form of a noun
The terms which are nouns (also including the nouns that derive from verbs in 2.3.1.1) can be divided into subgroups as follows:
Sub-technical terms
Those are words which are not specific to a subject specialty but occur regularly in scientific and technical texts. These items will be accorded high priority in language program because one estimate puts the occurrence of sub-technical items in scientific texts almost as high as 80% (Iman 1978) in Kenedy and Bolitho (1991).
Some terms of the PEDC Project are ordinary words that lose their “normal” sense and take on the specialist meaning, e.g the normal sense of “methodology” is a set of methods and principle used to perform a particular activity while its specialist meaning is “a set of teaching methods”
Other examples:
Upgrading (nâng chuẩn)
Dissemination (tuyên truyền, phổ biến)
Sub-technical vocabulary can prove a problem because words commonly met in General English take on a specialized meaning within a specific or technical context. The user may already know the general meaning and may be confused when he/she meets in a context with a totally different meaning.
Highly technical terms
Every subject has its set of highly technical terms, which are an intrinsic part of the learning of the discipline itself. To understand these terms, the user may need to understand their theory. For example, a translator translating materials of the PEDC Project will meet such items as curriculum (chương trình học), consumables (đồ dùng cho HS), pilot (thí điểm), trial (thử nghiệm), satellite (điểm trường lẻ), monograde (lớp đơn), multigrade (lớp ghép)…in the course of his/her
studies. These highly technical words can be really problematic when the user has relatively little knowledge both of his/her subject discipline and of English.
II.3.1.3 Neologisms referring to newly created concepts
In technology, new objects or processes are invented and created all the time; therefore, there rises a need for neologisms to name them (primary term creation). These neologisms are initially used in the culture where the concepts are invented. Later, the concepts are transferred to other cultures, and sometimes the original names may be transferred together with the concepts.
School Readiness Chuẩn bị đến trường
Vietnamese School Readiness Chuẩn bị tiếng Việt
Campus Support Fund Quỹ hỗ trợ điểm trường
Vietnamese Language Strengthening Tăng cường Tiếng Việt
Inclusive Education Giáo dục hòa nhập
Exemplary Inclusive Education Services Mô hình dịch vụ giáo dục hòa nhập mẫu Fundamental School Quality Level Mức chất lượng tối thiểu
Child Development Record Dữ liệu trẻ thiệt thòi
Disadvantaged children Trẻ em có hoàn cảnh khó khăn II.3.1.4 Acronyms in the technical terms of the PEDC Project
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words that make up a term or a proper name.
Some acronyms of the PEDC Project are:
SR (School Readiness) Chuẩn bị đến trường (CBĐT) VSR (Vietnamese School Readiness) Chuẩn bị tiếng Việt (CBTV) CSF (Campus Support Fund) Quỹ hỗ trợ điểm trường (QHTĐT) VLS (Vietnamese Language Strengthening) Tăng cường tiếng Việt (TCTV) IE (Inclusive Education) Giáo dục hòa nhập (GDHN) EIES (Exemplary Inclusive Education
Services)
Mô hình giáo dục hòa nhập mẫu FSQL (Fundamental School Quality Level) Mức chất lượng tối thiểu (MCLTT) II.3.1.5 Abbreviations in the technical terms of the PEDC Project
An abbreviation is a shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase, used to represent the whole.
Some abbreviations of the PEDC Project are:
DFG (District FSQL Grant) Kinh phí MCLTT cấp huyện
DFDP (District FSQL Development Plan) Kế hoạch phát triển MCLTT cấp huyện
FII (FSQL Input Index) Chỉ số đầu vào MCLTT
DFA (District FSQL Audit) Kiểm kê MCLTT cấp huyện II.3.1.6 Collocations
In the different texts related to primary education of the PEDC Project, there are some terms involved in the arrangement, esp. of words in a sentence. Some collocations of the PEDC Project are as the followings:
Monograde class Lớp đơn
Multigrade class Lớp ghép
Field trip Chuyến công tác thực địa
Formative assessment đánh giá thường xuyên
Summative assessment đánh giá định kỳ
Inclusive education giáo dục hòa nhập