Mӝt sӕ NKiLQLӋPFѫEҧn

1.2.1. KͿ QăQJ

VӅ kӻ QăQJFyUҩt nhiӅXWiFJLҧ WURQJYjQJRjLQѭӟFQJKLrQFӭXYjÿѭDUD nhӳQJTXDQÿLӇPNKiFQKDX7UrQWKӃ giӟLFyWKӇ kӇ ÿӃn FiFQKjQJKLrQFӭu: A. 9 .UXWHVNL $ * &RRYDOL{Y 1Ĉ/HHYLW{Y, G.G.Goolubev,...Mӝt sӕ WiF JLҧ WURQJ QѭӟF QKѭ 7Uҫn Trӑng Thӫy, NguyӉn Quang UҭQ 1J{ &{QJ +RjQ NguyӉQ ÈQK 7X\ӃQ FiF WiF JLҧ ÿѭD UD FiF YҩQ ÿӅ Fѫ Eҧn vӅ kӻ QăQJ NKiL niӋm kӻ QăQJFiFJLDLÿRҥQKuQKWKjQKNӻ QăQJ>WUtFKGүQWjLOLӋu 25 ]

VӅ NKiLQLӋm kӻ QăQJFyWKӇ 1rXPӝt sӕ êNLӃQQKѭVDX A.V.Peetrovxki nhұQÿӏQK³Nӻ QăQJOjVӵ vұn dөng nhӳng tri, thӭc kӻ xҧRÿmFyÿӇ lӵa chӑQYj thӵc hiӋn nhӳQJ SKѭѫQJ WKӭF KjQK ÿӝQJ WѭѫQJ ӭng vӟi mөF ÿtFK ÿһt ra³> 25.tr19 ].

7KHR..3ODWRQ{Y³Nӻ QăQJOjNKҧ QăQJFӫDFRQQJѭӡi thӵc hiӋn mӝt hoҥW ÿӝng bҩt kǤ QjR ÿy KD\ FiF KjQK ÿӝQJ WUrQ Fѫ Vӣ cӫa kinh nghiӋP FNJ³ [25.tr21 ]

TKHR³ÿҥi tӯ tiӃng ViӋW³Nӻ QăQJOjNKҧ QăQJYұn dөng nhӳng kiӃn thӭc thu nhұQÿѭӧFYjRWKӵc tӃ [ 40.tr934 ].

TKHRWiFJLҧ NguyӉn Thӏ Mӻ Lӝc cho rҵQJ´Nӻ QăQJOjNKҧ QăQJWKDRWiFWKӵc hiӋn mӝt hoҥWÿӝQJQjRÿy³>WU@

TUrQFѫVӣ FiFNKiLQLӋPWUrQFK~QJW{LÿѭDUDNKiLQLӋP³Nӻ QăQJOjNKҧ QăQJ FiQKkQYұn dөng kiӃn thӭc, kinh nghiӋPÿmFyPӝWFiFKKLӋu quҧ YjKRҥWÿӝng thӵc tiӉn nhҵm mөFÿtFKQKҩWÿӏQK´

1.2.2. KͿ QăQJW͹ b̫o v͏

7KHRÿҥi tӯ tiӃng ViӋWWKuEҧo vӋ FyKDLQJKƭD0ӝWOjJLӳ JuQFKӕng sӵ [kPSKҥm vӅ khӓi bӏ KѭKӓng, mҩWPiW+DLOjGQJOêOӁ ÿӇ brQKYӵc, giӳ vӳng

êNLӃnTXDQÿLӇm, hӑc thuyӃt. >WU@1KѭYұy, bҧo vӋ FKtQKOjGQJOӡLQyL hoһFKjQKÿӝQJÿӇ ErQKYӵc, giӳDêNLӃQTXDQÿLӇPKm\JLӳ JuQFKӕng sӵ [kP phҥPJk\KҥLÿӃQPuQKKD\QJѭӡLNKiF7ӯ ÿyWDFyWKӇ xem tӵ bҧo vӋ QKѭQJWӵ vӋ. Tӵ vӋ FKtQK Oj Wӵ bҧo vӋ PuQK Oj FKӕng lҥi nhӳQJ WiF ÿӝQJ Jk\ Kҥi tӯ ErQ QJRjL

Tӵ bҧo vӋ OjQăQJWUҿ tӵ JL~SEҥQWKkQPuQKSKzQJWUiQKQKӳQJWiFÿӝQJJk\ hҥi tӟi cuӝc sӕng xung quanh trҿJL~SWUҿ khӓe mҥQKYjDQWRjQ

7iFJLҧ NguyӉn Thӏ 7KX+jFKRUҵng³Nӻ QăQJWӵ vӋ OjNӻ QăQJJL~SWUҿ nhұn ra YjELӃWFiFKWUiQKNKӓi nhӳng nguy hiӇm, nhӳng mӕLÿHGӑDÿӕi vӟi sӵ DQWRjQ cӫa trҿ´>WU@. Tӯ nhӳQJSKkQWtFKWUrQFK~QJW{LFKRUҵQJ´Nӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ FKtQKOjPӝt dҥng kӻ QăQJVӕQJOjNKҧ QăQJFiQKkQYұn dөng kiӃn thӭc, vӕn kinh nghiӋm vӅ nhӳng mӕi nguy hiӇP NK{QJ DQ WRjQ [ҧy ra trong cuӝc sӕng cӫa hӑ Yj&KtQKQKӳQJQJѭӡL[XQJTXDQKYjKjQKÿӝng tӵ vӋ JL~SKӑ sӕng khӓe mҥQKDQWRjQKѫQ´

kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ OjPӝt dҥng kӻ QăQJVӕQJQrQNӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ FNJQJ mang nhӳQJ ÿһF WUѭQJ Fӫa kӻ QăQJ VӕQJ QKѭQJ EDR KjP Nӻ QăQJ [m KӝLOLrQ TXDQÿӃn viӋFWkPYұQÿӝng, tӗn tҥLNK{QJQKӳQJKjQKYLKD\OjKjQKÿӝQJPj FzQWҥi ӣ cҧ nhӳng dҥQJWKiLWLQKWKҫQWѭGX\[~FFҧPWUtFKGүQWjLOLӋu [2],[3],[4] ) FyÿѭӧFWK{QJTXDJLiRGөc, qua trҧi nghiӋm.

7UrQWKӵc tӃFiFNӻ QăQJWKѭӡQJNK{QJKRjQWRjQWiFKUӡLQKDX&iFNӻ QăQJQj\OLrQKӋ mұt thiӃt vӟLQKDXÿDQ[HQYjEә sung cho nhau, nhӡ ÿyFRP QJѭӡLFyWKӇ ӭQJSKyOLQKKRҥWYjKLӋu quҧ ÿӕi vӟi nhӳng nguy FѫYjYүQÿӅ NKi NKăQ WURQJ WuQK KXӕng cuӝc sӕQJ KjQJ QJj\>WU@ 7URQJ ÿy Fy QKӳng kӻ QăQJFѫEҧQOjPFѫVӣ FKRFiFNӻ QăQJNKiFQKѭNӻ QăQJQKұn thӭc, kӻ QăQJWӵ nhұn thӭc, kӻ QăQJYұQÿӝQJYjPӝt sӕ kӻ QăQJYӟLYDLWUzKӛ trӧ viӋFKuQK WKjQKYjSKiWWULӇQFiFNӻ QăQJNKiF.ӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ FNJQJFyOLrQTXDQPұt thiӃt vӟi nhӳng kӻ nawnh sӕng NKiF0ӝW FRQQJѭӡLFy kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ tӕt cҫQFyNӻ QăQJQKұn thӭc, kӻ QăQJYұQÿӝng, kӻ QăQJWuPNLӇm sӵ hӛ trӧOjP Fѫ Vӣ FiF Nӻ QăQJ QKѭ Nӻ QăQJ JLDR tiӃp, kӻ QăQJ UD TX\Ӄt vҩQ ÿӅFNJQJ Oj nhӳng kӻ QăQJFҫn thiӃW9uYұy, cҫn phӕi hӧSUqQOX\ӋQFiF kӻ QăQJVӕng NKiF WURQJ TXi WUuQK UqQ OX\Ӌn kӻ QăQJ Wӵ bҧo vӋ cho trҿ. Chҷng hҥQ ÿӇ trҿ FyNӻ QăQJ TX\ӃW ÿӏQK Yj JLҧi bҧo vӋ bҧQ WKkQ WURQJ WuQK KXӕng bӏ lҥc ӣ QѫL ÿ{QJ QJѭӡi. CҫQFyFiFNӻ QăQJQKѭ

+ Kӻ QăQJ QKұn thӭc: biӃW ÿѭӧF FiF QJX\ KLӇP Pj EҧQ WKkQ Fy WKӇ gһp phҧi khi bӏ lҥFQJѭӡLWKkQӣ QѫLÿ{QJQJѭӡi (bӏ kҿ xҩu bҳWFyFELӃWWuPVӵ trӧ JL~SÿӇ WuPOҥi cha mҽ QJѭӡLWKkQÿӭng tҥi chӛ NK{QJFKҥ\KXQJWXQJÿӇ cha PĊTXD\Oҥi chӛ FNJWuP; nhӟ sӕ ÿLӋn thoҥi cӫDQKjFӫa cha mҽ ÿӇ nhӡ QJѭӡLOLrQ lҥFJL~S

+ Kӻ QăQJWuPNLӃm sӵ hӛ trӧ: tӯ sӵ nhұn thӭFÿ~QJVӁ JL~SWUҿ biӃWFiFK WuPVӵ JL~Sÿӥ mӝWFiFKQKDQKFKyQJFKtQK[iFWURQJQKӳQJWUѭӡng hӧp NKy NKăQYѭӧWTXiNKҧ QăQJFӫa bҧQWKkQ7URQJWUѭӡng hӧSQj\WUҿ phҧi biӃW[iF ÿӏQKÿ~QJQJѭӡLÿiQJWLQFұ\ÿӇ JL~Sÿӥ PuQKQӃXFKDPĊNK{QJWuPÿѭӧc trҿ sau mӝt thӡLJLDQNKiOkXQKѭEiFEҧo vӋF{QKkQYLrQEiQKjQJFK~F{QJDQ

+ Kӻ QăQJNLӇPVRiW cҧP[~Fÿk\OjPӝt kӻ QăQJNKyÿzLKӓi sӵ tham gia rҩt lӟn cӫDêFKt7Uҿ phҧLÿѭӧFUqQOX\Ӌn nhiӅXÿӇ NK{QJOROҳng, sӧ KmLYj cuӕLFQJOjNKyFOyFQӃu bӏ lҥc. BiӇu hiӋQQj\VӁ tҥo sӵ FK~êFӫa kҿ xҩXOjP trҿ dӉ UѫL YjR KRjQ Fҧnh nguy hiӇm. CҫQ JL~S Wrҿ hiӇX ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX ÿy ÿӇ chӑn FiFKSKҧn ӭQJSKKӧp, biӃWÿLӅXKzDQKӳng cҧP[~FWLrXFӵFWURQJKRjQFҧnh NKyNKăQNK{QJÿӇ trҿ bӝFSKiWWKӃ hiӋQWKiLTXi

1.2.3*LiRGͭc kͿ QăQJW͹ b̫o v͏.

Cuӝc sӕng chӭDÿӵng nhiӅu bҩt trҳFYjÿzLKӓLFRQQJѭӡi cҫQFy hiӇu biӃt FNJQJQKѭNӻ QăQJQKҩWÿӏQKÿӇ ӭQJSKyYӟi nhӳQJWuQKKXӕng bҩWÿӏnh, nguy hiӇm vӟi bҧQ WKkQ PuQK Yj QKӳQJ QJѭӡi xung quanh. Khi tiӃS [~F YӟL P{L WUѭӡng xung quanh trҿ FNJQJ FKӏu sӵ WiF ÿӝng tӯ P{L WUѭӡng tӵ QKLrQ Yj P{L WUѭӡQJ[mKӝi, sӵ WiFÿӝng ÿyYӯa tҥRÿLӅu kiӋn cho trҿ SKiWWULӇQFiFQăQJOӵFFi QKkQJL~SKuQKWKjQKYjSKiWWULӇQWRjQGLӋQQKkQFiFKYӯDFyQKӳQJWiFÿӝng WLrXFӵFÿӃn sӵ SKiWWULӇn cӫa trҿĈLӅXÿyÿzLKӓi trҿ phҧLFyÿӫ kiӃn thӭFYjNӻ QăQJFҫn thiӃWÿӇ Yѭӧt qua nhӳQJWiFÿӝQJNK{QJWKXұn lӧLÿ{LNKLJk\QJX\ hiӇm cho trҿÿӇ FyWKӇ SKiWWULӇn mӝWFiFKWKXұn lӧi, kӻ QăQJtӵ bҧo vӋ OjPӝt kӻ QăQJFҫn thiӃt cho trҿ thӵc hiӋQÿLӅXÿy

kӻ QăQJtӵ bҧo vӋ OjPӝt dҥng kӻ QăQJVӕng vӟi mөFÿtFKJL~SWUҿ Fyÿӫ kiӃn thӭc, hiӇu biӃt vӅ nhӳng mӕi nguy hiӇPWuQKKXӕQJNK{QJDQWRjQӣ xung quanh trҿ YjFiFK[ӱ OêÿӇ SKzQJWUiQKWӯ ÿyYұn dөQJYjRYLӋc xӱ WUtFiFPӕi nguy hiӇPWuQKKXӕQJNK{QJDQWRjQ ӣ xung quanh trҿJL~SWUҿ sӕQJDQWRjQ khӓe mҥQKKѫQ1KѭYұ\JLiRGөc kӻ QăQJtӵ bҧo vӋ cho trҿ ÿѭӧc hiӇXOjJLiR dөc nhӳng kӻ QăQJ PDQJ WtQK Fi QKkQ Yj [m Kӝi nhҵP JL~S WUҿ vұn dөng vӕn kiӃn thӭc, kinh nghiӋPÿmFyÿӇ KjQKÿӝQJFyKLӋu quҧ YjFyFiFKӭng xӱ WtFK

cӵF WUѭӟc nhӳQJ WuQK KXӕQJ NK{QJ DQ WRjQ QJX\ KLӇm trong cuӝc sӕng xung qXDQKPuQKÿҧm bҧo sӵ DQWRjQFKREҧQWKkQ

*LiRGөc kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ phҧLWXkQWKHRTX\OXұWKuQKWKjQKNӻ QăQJ QyLFKXQJTX\OXұt KuQKWKjQKNӻ QăQJVӕng QyLULrQJ

*LiRGөc kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ cho trҿ muӕQÿҥt hiӋu quҧ cao cҫQFyFiFÿLӅu kiӋn hӛ trӧ nKѭFyFiFFKtQKViFKOjPFѫVӣ SKiSOêOjPFăQFӭ thӵc hiӋn; sӵ phӕi hӧp tham gia giӳDFiFOӵFOѭӧQJJLiRGөF*LDÿuQK± 1KjWUѭӡng- ;mKӝi ÿӇ Fy Vӵ WiF ÿӝQJ ÿӗng bӝ Fy WjL OLӋX Kѭӟng dүn cө thӇ FKR JLiR YLrQ SKө huynh nҳPU}ÿӇ thӵc hiӋn tӕt viӋFJLiRGөc trҿĈӕi vӟi trҿ mҫm non, viӋFJLiR dөc kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ FyFѫVӣ OjFKѭѫQJWUuQKFKăPVyF± JLiRGөc trҿFiFYăQ bҧQSKiSOXұt, Bӝ chuҭQSKiWWULӇn trҿ em 5 tuәLĈk\OjÿLӅu kiӋn thuұn lӧi cho viӋc thӵc hiӋn mөFÿtFKJLiRGөc trҿ.

*LiRGөc kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ cho trҿ mҫm non cҫQWXkQWKӫ theo mӝt sӕ QJX\rQWҳFFѫEҧQQKѭ

- Cҫn cung cҩp nhӳng kiӃn thӭc cҫn thiӃt cho trҿ YuWK{QJWLQOjÿLӇm khӣi ÿҫu tҩt yӃu cӫa viӋFKuQKWKjQKNӻ QăQJ.LӃn thӭc cҫn dӉ hiӇXYjSKKӧp vӟi ÿһFÿLӇm nhұn thӭc cӫa trҿ.

- TҥR P{L WUѭӡng khuyӃQ NKtFK Vӵ WKD\ ÿәL KjQK YL Fӫa trҿ JL~S WUҿ Fy nhӳng KjQKYLWtFKFӵc, thӵc hiӋQFiFTX\WҳFDQWRjQWKHRÿ~QJFiFTX\Wҳc [m hӝLTX\ѭӟc. Sӵ WKD\ÿәi sӁ dӉ GjQJKѫQQӃXP{LWUѭӡQJFNJQJNKX\ӇQNKtFKVӵ WKD\ÿәLÿyÿӕi vӟi FiQKkQQrQ FiFFKѭѫQJWUuQKJLiRGөc kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ cҫQFK~WUӑng cӝQJWiFYӟi cӝQJÿӗng mӝWFiFKWRjQGLӋQÿӇ tҥRUDP{LWUѭӡng khuyӃQNKtFKVӵ WKD\ÿәi.

- Trҿ phҧLÿѭӧc vұn dөng kӻ QăQJYjNLӃn thӭc mӟL YjR FiFWuQKKXӕng thӵc cӫa cuӝc sӕng.

1.2.4. TUzFK˯LÿyQJYDLWKHRFKͯ ÿ͉

7&Ĉ97&ĈFyFҩXWU~FNKiSKӭc tҥSFiFQKjQJKLrQFӭXWKѭӡng quan WkPWӟi nhӳQJWKjQKWӕ cҩXWU~FVDX

Thͱ nh̭t, chͯ ÿ͉ YjQ͡LGXQJFK˯L7&Ĉ97&Ĉ

7&Ĉ97&ĈÿmSKҧQiQKFXӝc sӕng xung quanh rҩWÿDGҥng vӟLFiFPҧng hiӋn thӵc hӃt sӭF SKRQJSK~&iF Pҧng hiӋn thӵFÿѭӧc phҧQ iQKYjRWUz FKѫL FRLOjFKӫ ÿӅ cӫDWUzFKѫL'RÿyFKӫ ÿӅ cӫDWUzFKѫLFNJQJPDQJWtQKPX{QPҫu, PX{QYҿ QKѭ&Kӫ ÿӅ sinh hoҥWJLDÿuQKEiQKjQJEӋnh viӋn - EiFVƭGҥy hӑc -

F{JLiRVLQKKRҥWJLDÿuQKFӱDKjQJEX{QEiQ«3Kҥm vi hiӋn thӵFPjWUҿ tiӃp [~FFjQJUӝQJEDRQKLrXWKuFiFFKӫ ÿӅ cӫDWUzFKѫLFjQJÿDGҥQJSKRQJSK~ bҩ\ QKLrX 6ӕ Oѭӧng chӫ ÿӅ FKѫL Fӫa trҿ ÿѭӧF WăQJ GҫQ FQJ Yӟi sӵ SKiW WULӇn cӫDFK~QJ

Chӫ ÿӅ FKѫLÿѭӧFSKiWWULӇQNK{QJFKӍ theo sӕ OѭӧnJPjFzQÿѭӧc phӭc tҥSKRiGҫQYjÿѭӧc mӣ rӝQJUD%rQFҥQKFiFFKӫ ÿӅ FKѫLWDSKҧLFK~êÿӃn mһt nӝLGXQJFKѫL1ӝi dung cӫDWUzFKѫLOjQKӳng hoҥWÿӝng cӫDQJѭӡi lӟQPjÿӭa trҿ nhұn thӭFÿѭӧFYjSKҧQiQKYjRWUzFKѫLFӫDPuQKĈyOjQKӳng hoҥWÿӝng cӫa nJѭӡi lӟn vӟLFiFÿӗ vұt, mӕi quan hӋ giӳDQJѭӡi vӟLQJѭӡi, nhӳng yӃu tӕ ÿҥRÿӭc thҭm mӻ.

Vӟi nӝL GXQJ WUz FKѫL FҫQ [HP [pW NKtD FҥQK WtFK FӵF KD\ WLrX Fӵc cӫa mҧng hiӋn thӵc trҿ HPWiLWҥo bӣi lӁ ÿӡi sӕQJ[mKӝLQJѭӡi lӟn hӃt sӭFSKRQJSK~Yj phӭc tҥS%rn cҥnh nhӳng viӋc tӕWQJѭӡi tӕWFzQFyEDR\Ӄu tӕ WLrXFӵc xen lүn YjRĈLӅXQj\FNJQJÿѭӧc phҧQiQKQKҥ\EpQYjRWUzFKѫLFӫa trҿ em. NӃXNK{QJ TXDQWkPJLiRGөFWKuWUҿ FyWKӇ FyQKӳQJKjQKYLJLDRWLӃSNpPYăQKyDPDQJ WtQKWLrXFӵFQKѭVD\Uѭӧu, bӕ mҽ FmLQKDXKRһFÿiQKFKӱi nhau, xӱ OêNK{QJ ÿ~QJNKRDKӑFWURQJFiFWuQKKXӕng khҭn cҩp

9DLWUzFӫDQKjJLiRGөFNK{QJQKӳQJJL~SWUҿ Fyÿѭӧc nhӳng chӫ ÿӅ FKѫL QJj\FjQJSKRQJSK~Uӝng lӟQPjFzQJL~SWUҿ Fyÿѭӧc nhӳQJ.17%9%7QKѭ QJѭӡi lӟn trong cuӝc sӕng thӵc, hiӇX ÿѭӧc nhӳng mӕi quan hӋ qua lҥi giӳa QJѭӡi lӟQWURQJ[mKӝi theo chӭFQăQJFӫa mӛLQJѭӡL+ѫQWKӃ nӳa, cҫQJL~SWUҿ biӃWSKkQELӋWÿѭӧFFiL[ҩXFiLQJX\KLӇPÿDQJÿHGӑa, nhҵPJL~SWUҿ FySKҧn ӭQJÿӕLSKyKӧSOêWURQJFiFWuQKKXӕng nhҩWÿӏnKTXDÿyWUҿ dҫQKuQKWKjQK KN TBVBT trong mҧng hiӋn thӵF[XQJTXDQKYjWUiQKEҳWFKѭӟFKjQKYLKjQK ÿӝQJVDLWUiLNK{QJORJLFNKL ӭQJSKyWUѭӟFKRjQFҧQKNKyNKăQPjWURQJ[m hӝi vүQFzQWӗn tҥi.

Thͱ KDLYDLFK˯LYjKjQKÿ͡QJFK˯L

7&Ĉ97&Ĉ[Xҩt hiӋn ljÿӇ thoҧ PmQQKXFҫu cӫa trҿ muӕQÿѭӧc giӕQJQJѭӡi lӟn. Trong thӵc tӃ, trҿ FKѭDWKӵc hiӋn mӝt chӭFQăQJ[mKӝi cӫa mӝWQJѭӡLQjR ÿyPjWUҿ ÿmWU{QJWKҩy bҵQJFiFKQKұSYjRPӝt vai, tӭFOjѭӟPPuQKYjRYӏ WUt cӫDQJѭӡi lӟQYjEҳWFKѭӟFKjQKÿӝng giao tiӃp cӫDQJѭӡLÿy9DLFKѫLOj\Ӄu tӕ quan trӑQJÿӇ tҥRQrQWUzFKѫLÿyQJYDLFyQJKƭDOjWiLWҥRKjQKÿӝng cӫa mӝt QJѭӡi lӟn vӟLÿӗ vұt trong nhӳng mӕi quan hӋ nhҩWÿӏnh vӟi nhӳQJQJѭӡi xung TXDQK7URQJYXLFKѫLWUҿ nhұQOjPPӝt chӭFQăQJ[mKӝi cӫa mӝWQJѭӡLQjRÿy

WKѭӡQJOjFKӭFQăQJPDQJWtQKFKҩt nghӅ nghiӋSQKѭOiL[HGҥy hӑc, chӳa bӋnh, EiQKjQJ«KRһFWiLKLӋn lҥLKjQKÿӝng trҿ bҳt gһSQKѭKjQKYLJLDRWLӃp, ӭng xӱKjQKÿӝng cӫDJLiRYLrQFKDPҽ«WURQJFXӝc sӕQJKjQJQJj\Ĉk\FKtQKOj FRQÿѭӡQJÿӇ trҿ [k\GӵQJKjQKYLÿ~QJYjGҫQKuQKWKjQK.17%9%7SK hӧp vӟLKRjQFҧQKWuQKKXӕng nhҩWÿӏnh.

MuӕQ ³WUӣ WKjQK´ PӝW YDL WURQJ WUz FKѫL ÿLӅu quan trӑng nhҩW Oj WUҿ phҧi biӃt thӵc hiӋQÿ~QJFKӭFQăQJKjQKÿӝQJFKѫLFӫDYDLFKѫL9tGө%iFVƭSKҧi biӃt QyLFKX\ӋQWuPKLӇu bӋQKOêFӫa bӋQKQKkQYjNKiPEӋQKQJѭӡLEiQKjQJOj phҧi biӃW WUѭQJ Ej\ Vҧn phҭP ÿӇ EiQ KjQJ« 1KӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ Qj\ SKҧi xuҩt SKiWWӯ KjQKÿӝng thӵc tӃ trҿ ÿmWU{QJWKҩy trong cuӝc sӕQJÿӡi thӵc hay nghe kӇ lҥLQKѭQJWKDRWiFFӫDKjQK ÿӝQJFKѫLOҥi phө thuӝFYjRÿӗ FKѫL9DLFKѫLWURQJ WUzFKѫLTX\ÿӏQKKjQKÿӝng cӫa trҿ ÿӕi vӟLÿӗ vұWYjFҧ KjQKÿӝng cӫa trҿ ÿӕi vӟi bҥQFQJFKѫL.

7X\QKLrQÿk\FKӍ OjKjQKÿӝQJP{SKӓQJQyNK{QJKRjQWRjQJLӕQJQKѭKjQK ÿӝng cӫDQJѭӡi lӟn, bӣi vӟi mөFÿtFKFӫDKjQKÿӝQJFKѫLNK{QJQKҵPYjRNӃt quҧ Pj QKҵP YjR FKtQK TXi WUuQK FKѫL 'R ÿy KjQK ÿӝQJ FKѫL NK{QJ ÿzL Kӓi phҧLFyWKDRWiFÿ~QJNӻ thuұWPjFKӍ cҫn phӓQJWKHRKuQKWKӭc cӫDQyYjPDQJ WtQKNKiLTXiW.

&KtQK WtQK NKiL TXiW PDQJ WtQK ѭӟc lӋ cӫa KjQK ÿӝQJ FKѫL FKR SKpS WUҿ tiӃn KjQKWUzFKѫLWURQJFiFÿLӅu kiӋQFiFÿӗ FKѫLNKiFQKDX9tGө.KLOjPÿRjQ WjX WUҿ Fy WKӇ GQJ JKӃ xӃS WKjQK Gm\ Pj FNJQJ Fy WKӇ GQJ QKLӅu khӕL KuQK YX{QJYjFKӳ nhұWÿӇ xӃp tҥRWKjQKÿRjQWjX«

Thͱ ba, nhͷng m͙i quan h͏ qua l̩i cͯa tr̓ WURQJWUzFK˯L

7Uz FKѫL Oj Pӝt hoҥW ÿӝQJ FKXQJ ÿҫX WLrQ Yj Fѫ Eҧn cӫa trҿ mүX JLiR WURQJÿyFyKDLPӕi quan hӋ qua lҥi giӳa nhӳng trҿ FQJWKDPJLDWUzFKѫLÿyOj quan hӋ thӵFYjTXDQKӋ FKѫL

Nhӳng quan hӋ FKѫL Ĉy Oj QKӳng quan hӋ qua lҥi cӫD FiFYDL WURQJ WUz FKѫLWKHRPӝt chӫ ÿӅ nhҩWÿӏQKP{SKӓng lҥi mӕi quan hӋ cӫDQJѭӡi lӟn trong [mKӝLQKѭTXDQKӋ giӳa mҽ YjFRQWURQJWUzFKѫLJLDÿuQKTXDQKӋ giӳDQJѭӡi PXDYjQJѭӡLEiQWURQJWUzFKѫLEiQKjQJKD\ÿѫQWKXҫQOjQKӳQJQJѭӡLFQJ gһp KRjQFҧQKNKyNKăQQJX\KLӇP«ĈyOjQKӳng quan hӋ ÿѭӧc trҿ TXDQWkP YjWUӣ WKjQKÿӕLWѭӧQJKjQKÿӝng cӫDFK~QJ.

Nhӳng quan hӋ thӵF Ĉy Oj QKӳng quan hӋ qua lҥi giӳa nhӳng trҿ Oj nhӳQJQJѭӡLFQJWKDPJLDYjRWUzFKѫLQKӳQJQJѭӡi bҥQFQJWKӵc hiӋn mӝt

F{QJYLӋc chung, trҿ tұp hӧSQKDXWKjQKQKyPÿӇ EjQEҥc vӟi nhau vӅ chӫ ÿӅ FKѫLvӅ viӋFSKkQYDLWKRҧ thuұn vӟi nhau vӅ quy tҳFKjQKYLFӫa vai Qj\YDL nӑ YjJLҧi quyӃWFiFYҩQÿӅ nҧ\VLQKWURQJTXiWUuQKFKѫL.

7& Ĉ97&Ĉ Oj P{ KuQK Fӫa nhӳng quan hӋ [mhӝi cӫD QJѭӡi lӟQ Yj Oj SKѭѫQJWLӋQÿӏQKKѭӟng cho trҿ HPYjRQKӳng mӕi quan hӋ ҩ\ 7URQJÿy7& Ĉ97&ĈFiFTXDQKӋ ÿѭӧc hiӋQUDU}UӋt. ViӋc thӵc hiӋQKjQKÿӝng cӫDYDLFKѫL OjSKҧi tҥRUDFiFPӕi quan hӋ vӟLFiFYDLNKiFQKDXVӭc sӕng cӫD7&Ĉ97&Ĉ Ojӣ chӛ QyWҥRUDÿѭӧc nhӳng mӕi quan hӋ giӳDFiFYDLĈyFKtQKOjEҧn chҩW[m hӝi cӫD7&Ĉ97&Ĉ

7UzFKѫLFӫa trҿ ÿyFKtQKOjFiL[mKӝLQJѭӡi lӟn thu nhӓ lҥLYjFNJQJFKӭa ÿҫy nhӳng mӕi quan hӋ phӭc tҥp. Nhӳng mӕi quan hӋ [mKӝLÿѭӧFP{SKӓng YjRWUzFKѫLFyPӝWÿһFÿLӇPÿiQJOѭXêOjQyOjPQҧy sinh luұt lӋ KjQKÿӝng cӫD FiF YDL EXӝc trҿ phҧL WXkQ WKHR QKѭ Oj QKӳng quy tҳF [m Kӝi (LuұW FKѫL FKѫLQKѭWKӃ ÿӭa trҿ tӵ nguyӋn chҩp nhұn nhӳng chuҭn mӵc cӫa cuӝc sӕQJ[m hӝi, cӫa nhӳng quan hӋ giӳDQJѭӡi lӟn vӟi nhau, giӳa trҿ em vӟLQJѭӡi lӟn, giӳa trҿ vӟi trҿ« &Kҷng hҥQ NKL FKѫL WUz FKѫL ³%iQ KjQJ´ QJѭӡi mua phҧi trҧ tiӅn GWLӅn chӍ OjPҧnh giҩy nhӓ) mӟLÿѭӧc lҩ\KjQJYuQӃXNK{QJWXkQWKHROXұt lӋ ҩ\WKuEӏ FRLOjÿӗ ăQFҳS1KѭYұy, luұt lӋ KjQKÿӝng cӫDFiFYDLÿѭӧc nҧy sinh tӯ FiF Pӕi quan hӋ ÿѭӧF [iF Oұp giӳa nhӳQJ ÿӭa trҿ WKDP JLD YjR WUz FKѫL NhӳQJWUzFKѫLWKHRQKyPQKѭYұ\OjPEӝc lӝ OrQQKӳng mӕi quan hӋ [mKӝLU} UjQJYjKjQKYLFӫa trҿ phҧi phөFWQJFiFOXұt lӋ GRFiFPӕi quan hӋ ÿyTX\ ÿӏnh sӵ SKiW triӇQÿyOjÿLӅu kiӋn quan trӑng nhҩWÿӇ nhұn biӃWFKtQKQJX\rQOê cӫa luұWFKѫLYjÿyFNJQJOjFѫVӣ OjPQҧ\VLQKUD³7UzFKѫLFyOXұW´.

Thͱ W˱ÿ͛ FK˯LYjKRjQF̫QKFK˯L

&yORҥLÿӗ FKѫL0ӝt loҥLOjGRQJѭӡi lӟQOjPFKRWUҿP{SKӓng theo nhӳQJÿӗ vұt thӵFQKѭFRQE~SErÿӗ GQJQҩXăQEҵng nhӵDÿӗ FKѫLEiFVƭ FiF ORҥL SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ JLDR WK{QJ« 0ӝt loҥL Oj QKӳng vұt thay thӃ FKR ÿӗ vұt thӵc. Trong khi thӵc hiӋQKjQKÿӝng cӫDYXLFKѫLWUҿ NK{QJFyÿѭӧc nhӳQJÿӗ vұWWѭѫQJӭQJĈӇ FKRKjQKÿӝQJÿѭӧc tiӃn KjQKWKHRFKӫ ÿӅ YjQӝLGXQJFKѫL ÿmÿѭӧFÿһt ra, trҿ cҫn phҧi lҩ\FiFÿӗ vұWNKiFÿӇ thay thӃ FKRFiFÿӗ vұt thӵc WѭѫQJӭng. Chҷng hҥn trҿ GQJFiLJӕLWKD\FKRHPEpGQJJKӃ thay cho toa WjXGQJJұy thay cho con ngӵD«

'Rÿӗ FKѫLNK{QJSKҧLOjÿӗ vұt thӵFWѭѫQJӭng vӟLKjQKÿӝng cӫa vai PjFKӍ OjYұt thay thӃ QrQNKLWUҿ WKDRWiFYӟLÿӗ vұt thay thӃ nhӳQJWKDRWiFQj\

NK{QJWѭѫQJ ӭng vӟLKjQKÿӝQJFKѫLWӯ ÿyEXӝc trҿ phҧLWѭӣQJWѭӧng ra mӝt KRjQFҧQKFKѫLWѭѫQJӭng.

'Rÿӗ FKѫLOjYұt thay thӃ QrQWKDR WiFFKѫLFӫa trҿ NK{QJWUQJNKӟp vӟi KjQKÿӝQJFKѫLÿyOjOêGROjPQҧ\VLQKKRjQFҧQKWѭӣQJWѭӧng (tӭFOjKRjQ cҧQKFKѫL7ӯ ÿyFҫn phҧi nhҩn mҥnh rҵQJKjQKÿӝQJFKѫLNK{QJÿѭӧc sinh ra tӯ KRjQFҧQKWѭӣQJWѭӧQJPjQJѭӧc lҥLKRjQFҧQKWѭӣQJWѭӧng lҥi WUQJNKӟp vӟLKjQKÿӝng cӫDYDL1yLFiFKNKiFKRҥWÿӝQJFKѫLFӫa trҿ ÿmWҥo ra kӃt quҧ Oj KRjQFҧQKWѭӣQJWѭӧQJ$1/H{QFKLHYFyQJKƭDOjKRҥWÿӝQJFKѫLOjPQҧy VLQKWUtWѭӣQJWѭӧng chӭ NK{QJSKҧLWUtWѭӣQJWѭӧQJFyWUѭӟFNKLFKѫLPjQyOj kӃt quҧ cӫa hoҥWÿӝQJFKѫL

7yPOҥL7&Ĉ97&ĈFyFҩXWU~FSKӭc tҥp bao gӗPWKjQKWӕ FKtQKOLrQ quan mұt thiӃt vӟLQKDX.KLJLiRGөF.17%9%7WK{QJTXD7&Ĉ97&ĈJLiR YLrQFҫQOѭXêOӵa chӑn chӫ ÿӅ FKѫLFKXҭn bӏ ÿӗ FKѫLJҳQEyYӟi kӻ QăQJPXӕn JLiRGөc trҿ[k\dӵng nӝLGXQJFKѫLKRjQFҧQKFKѫLKӧSOêKѭӟng dүn trҿ thӵc hiӋQ YDL FKѫL Pӕi quan hӋ FKѫL SK Kӧp vӟi thӵc tiӉQ 4XD ÿy JL~S WUҿ KuQK WKjQK.17%9%7PӝWFiFKWӵ QKLrQPjYүn thӓDPmQQKXFҫXYXLFKѫLFӫa trҿ JySSKҫQÿҧm bҧo sӵ DQWRjQYjVӵ SKiWWULӇQWRjQGLӋn cӫa trҿ 5 ± 6 tuәi.

* CҩXWU~FWUzFKѫLÿyQJYDLWKHRFKӫ ÿӅ

*LDLÿR̩n 1: Chu̱n b͓ cho tr̓ FK˯L7&Ĉ97&Ĉ

Cho trҿ OjP TXHQ Fy Wә chӭF Yj Fy SKѭѫQJ Kѭӟng vӟi cuӝc sӕng xung quanh qua hoҥWÿӝng hӑc tұp, dҥRFKѫLWKăPTXDQWUzFKX\ӋQWUDRÿәi vӟi trҿ, ÿӑFFiFWiFSKҭPYăQKӑc cho trҿ QJKH«7URQJTXiWUuQKÿyKѭӟng trҿ NK{QJ chӍ FK~êWӟLKjQKÿӝng cӫDFRQQJѭӡi vӟLFiFWuQKKXӕng nguy hiӇm, khҭn cҩp NKiFQKDXPjSKҧLFK~êWӟi quan hӋ YjWKiLÿӝ ÿӕi vӟLP{LWUѭӡQJQJѭӡLNKiF ÿѭӧc thӇ hiӋQQKѭWKӃ QjRWURQJFiFWuQKKXӕng nhҩWÿӏnh.

Tә chӭFFiFÿLӅu kiӋQYjKRjQFҧQKFKѫLWKHRKѭӟQJSKiWWULӇn: Chuҭn bӏ, sҳp xӃp, bӕ WUtFiFGөng cө YjFKӛ FKѫLÿӇ trҿ FyWKӇ sӱ dөng rӝQJUmLÿDGҥng FiFÿӗ vұWFyVҹQFiFYұt liӋXNKiFQKDXYjKRjQFҧQKFKѫLWUӑn vҽQVDXÿyFKӍ tә chӭc mӝt phҫQKRjQFҧQKFKѫLÿӇ ÿһt trҿ YjRWuQKWKӃ phҧLWuPQKӳQJÿӗ vұt thay thӃ hoһc bә VXQJ1KѭYұy, tiӃQWUuQKFKѫLQҧ\VLQKWuQKKXӕQJÿzLKӓi trҿ phҧi thӵc hiӋQWKDRWiFWѭGX\VRViQKSKkQWtFKYjWuPUDÿӕLWѭӧQJWѭѫQJWӵ SKhӧSTXDÿyWUҿ WѭGX\QKDQKQKҥ\KѫQYjNӻ QăQJ[ӱ OêWuQKKXӕQJQJj\ FjQJWKXҫn thөc.

Cҫn phҧLNKDL WKiF FҩX WU~FWUz FKѫLÿӇ ÿѭD FiF FiFK QKұn biӃW Yj[ӱ Oê FiFWuQKKXӕng nguy hiӇm nhҵm giӳ DQWRjQFiQKkQNKLWKDPJLDFiFWUzFKѫL TXDFiFYDLFKѫLPӝWFiFKWӵ QKLrQ&ө thӇ:

%˱ͣF7U˱ͣFNKLFK˯L

*LiRYLrQFKRWUҿ tӵ do lӵa chӑn chӫ ÿӅ FKѫLPjWUҿ WKtFKYjÿLӅu khiӇn FiF QKyP FKѫL EjQ Eҥc, thoҧ thuұn chӑQ FiF YDL Yj Oұp kӃ hoҥch tә chӭF WUz FKѫL7URQJ TXiWUuQKQj\Fҫn nhҩn mҥQK\rXFҫu cӫDYDLFKѫLGѭӟi dҥQJFiF SKѭѫQJWKӭFKjQKYL[ӱ OêFiFWuQKKXӕng nguy hiӇm mӝWFiFKKӧSOêYjFRLÿy OjWLrXFKXҭQÿӇ lӵa chӑQYDLFKtQKFKӫ WUzWURQJFiFOҫQFKѫLVDX

ViӋFÿӏQKKѭӟng cho trҿ lӵa chӑn vai phҧLFăn cӭ YjRJLDLÿRҥQSKiWWULӇn cӫDWUzFKѫLYjPӭFÿӝ KuQKWKjQK.17%9%7Fӫa trҿ. Cө thӇ:

*LDLÿRҥn 1: Khi mӭFÿӝ SKiWWULӇQWUzFKѫLFzQWKҩSQJKƭDOjYDLFKѫLFKӍ bao gӗm 2 ± YDLYDLFKtQKYj± 2 vai phөNKLFKѫLWUҿ chӍ FK~êWӟLKjQK ÿӝng cӫa FiFYDLPjtWFK~êWӟi quan hӋWKiLÿӝ cӫDFiFQKkQYұt chӑn ÿyQJ vai) cҫQ ÿLӅu khiӇQ TXi WUuQK WKRҧ thuұQ YDL ÿӇ JL~S WUҿ WuP ÿѭӧF QJѭӡL Fy ÿӫ ³QăQJOӵF´Yj³WtQKFiFK´ÿӇ ÿҧm nhұQYDLFKtQK\rXFҫXQj\Fҫn nhҩn mҥnh cho trҿ thҩ\U}

*LDLÿRҥn 2: Khi WUzFKѫLÿmSKiWWULӇQÿӃn mӭFÿӝ FDRKѫQQJKƭDOjYDL FKѫLEDRJӗm tӯ 5 ± YDLNKLFKѫLWUҿ ÿmFK~êÿӃQKjQKÿӝng, quan hӋ YjWKiL ÿӝ cӫDFiFQKkQYұt chӑQÿyQJYDLFҫn khuyӃQNKtFKWUҿ lҫQOѭӧt nhұQFiFYDL FKtQKÿӇ FyWKӇ luyӋn tұSSKѭѫQJWKӭFKjQh vi ӣ FiFYDLNKiFQKDX7X\QKLrQ WUѭӟc khi trҿ YjRYDLFҫn nhҩn mҥnh lҥL\rXFҫu cө thӇ vӅ SKѭѫQJWKӭFKjQKYL ÿӕi vӟi vai.

%˱ͣF4XiWUuQKFK˯L

ViӋc tә chӭF ÿLӅu khiӇQ TXi WUuQK FKѫL Fӫa trҿ phө thuӝF YjR JLDL ÿRҥn SKiWWULӇn cӫDWUzFKѫL

*LDLÿRҥn *LiRYLrQWKDPJLDYjRWUzFKѫLYӟLWѭFiFKOjPӝWYDLFKѫL ÿӇ ÿѭDFiFSKѭѫQJWKӭFKjQKYLYjRWUzFKѫLFNJQJQKѭFyWKӇ ÿLӅu chӍQKKjQK vi cӫDFiFYDLNKiFQKDXPӝWFiFKWӵ QKLrQ

*LDLÿRҥQĈѭDYjRWUzFKѫLFiFGҥQJNKiFQKDXFӫa chӫ ÿӅ FKѫLFiF chӫ ÿӅ cө thӇ), tҥRÿLӅu kiӋn cho trҿ luyӋn tұS KjQKYL WURQJQKLӅX WuQK KXӕng NKiFQKDXYӟi nhiӅXÿӕLWѭӧQJNKiFQKDX9LӋc mӣ rӝng chӫ ÿӅ FKѫLVӁ tҥo ra nhӳng vai mӟLYjFiFKRjQFҧQKFKѫLPӟLÿzLKӓi trҿ phҧi biӃt thӇ hiӋQKjQKYL

vӟLFiFÿӕLWѭӧQJYjWURQJFiFWuQKKXӕng mӟLĈk\OjYLӋFNKyNKăQÿӕi vӟi trҿ, QKѭQJOҥLOjFѫKӝi thuұn lӧLÿӇ JLiRYLrQFyWKӇ ÿѭDFiFKWKӇ hiӋQKjQKYL± KN 7%9%7YjRWUzFKѫLPӝWFiFKWӵ QKLrQYӟLWѭFiFKOjQJѭӡi tham gia trӵc tiӃp YjRWUzFKѫL7URQJKRjQFҧQKQj\WUҿ dӉ GjQJWLӃp nhұQFiFKWKӭFKjQKYLGR JLiRYLrQWKӇ hiӋn qua mӝW YDLQjR ÿyGR ÿzL Kӓi tӵ QKLrQ Fӫa tiӃQWUuQK SKiW triӇQWUzFKѫL6DXNKLÿmWKӇ hiӋQKjQKYLFӫDQKkQYұt mӟLWUѭӟc trҿJLiRYLrQ FyWKӇ WuPOtGRKӧSOêÿӇ U~WOXLNKӓLWUzFKѫLÿӇ cho trҿ tiӃp tөFFKѫL%ӣLYu 7&Ĉ97&ĈOjKRҥWÿӝQJViQJWҥRQrQFҫn tҥRÿLӅu kiӋn cho trҿ FyWKӇ dӵDWUrQ ³PүX´KjQKYLFӫDJLiRYLrQPjWKӇ hiӋQKjQKYLWURQJWUzFKѫLPӝWFiFKOLQK hoҥWViQJWҥo. Nhӡ ÿyQKӳQJ[~FFҧPWtFKFӵFÿѭӧc tҥo ra ӣ trҿ trong nhӳng KRjQFҧQKFKѫLQKҩWÿӏQKOjPFKRTXiWUuQKFKѫLFӫa trҿ ӣ FiFYDLNKiFQKDX diӉn ra thұt hӗQQKLrQFKkQWKұWYjKҩp dүn.

%˱ͣF6DXNKLFK˯L

*LiRYLrQQKұQ[pWÿiQKJLiTXiWUuQKFKѫLFӫa trҿ vӟLWѭFiFKOjQJѭӡi ÿLӅu khiӇn cuӝFFKѫL9LӋFÿiQKJLiShҧi tҥRÿѭӧc hӭQJWK~FKѫLKѭӟng sӵ FK~ êFӫa trҿ YjRSKѭѫQJWKӭFKjQKYL[ӱ OêWuQKKXӕng khҭn cҩp nguy hiӇPJL~S trҿ tӵ kiӇPVRiWKjQKYLFӫDPuQK.

1.2.5. Bi͏QSKiSUqQOX\͏n kͿ QăQJW͹ b̫o v͏ WK{QJTXD WUzFK˯LÿyQJ vai theo chͯ ÿ͉

3KѭѫQJ SKiS Oj FiFK thӭF Oj FRQ ÿѭӡQJ SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ ÿӇ ÿҥt mөF ÿtFK nhҩW ÿӏQK 3KѭѫQJ SKiS Kѭӟng tӟi viӋc giҧi quyӃt nhiӋm vө chung hoһc mӝt phҫn logic chung cӫa nhiӋm vө trong tәng thӇ &zQ ELӋQ SKiS Oj FiFK OjP Fө thӇFiFKJLҧi quyӃt mӝt vҩQÿӅ cө thӇ KD\Kѭӟng tӟi giҧi quyӃt nhiӋm vө tӯng phҫn. Trong mӝt sӕ WUѭӡng hӧp, biӋQ SKiS FNJQJ Fy WKӇ giҧi quyӃW ÿѭӧF FiF nhiӋm vө NKiFQKDXQKѭPӝWSKѭѫQJSKiS

BiӋQ SKiS JLiR Gөc mҫP QRQ ÿѭӧc hiӇX Oj FiFK OjP Fө thӇ trong hoҥt ÿӝng hӧSWiFFQJQKDXgiӳDJLiRYLrQvӟi trҿ nhҵm thӵc hiӋn mөFWLrXQKLӋm vө JLiR GөF ÿm ÿһt ra ӣ lӭa tuәi mҫm non >WU@ &NJQJ JLӕQJ QKѭ SKѭѫQJ SKiSELӋQSKiSJLiRGөc trҿ FKtQKOjF{QJFө ÿӇ tә chӭFFiFKRҥWÿӝQJJLiRGөc YjQyÿѭӧc quyӃWÿӏnh bӣi mөFWLrXYjQӝLGXQJJLiRGөc trҿ ӣ WUѭӡng mҫm non, phө thuӝFYjRÿһFÿLӇPWkPOtOӭa tuәi trҿ.

BiӋQSKiSUqQOX\Ӌn kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ WK{QJWUzFKѫLÿyQJYDLWKHRFKӫ ÿӅ FKtQKOjWә hӧp nhӳQJFiFKOjPFө thӇ trong hoҥWÿӝQJWѭѫQJWiFFQJQKDX giӳDJLiRYLrQ YjWUҿ khi FKѫLWUzFKѫLÿyQJYDLWKHRFKӫ ÿӅ nhҵPKuQKWKjQKYj

SKiWWULӇn kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ, JL~SWUҿ vұn dөng nhӳng hiӇu biӃt, kinh nghiӋPFy ÿѭӧFÿӇ giҧi quyӃt nhӳQJWuQKKXӕQJNK{QJDQWRjQQJX\KLӇPJk\Kҥi cho bҧn WKkQ[ҧy ra trong cuӝc sӕng xung quanh trҿ.

BiӋQSKiSUqQOX\Ӌn kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ WK{Qg qua WUzFKѫLÿyQJYDLWKHR chӫ ÿӅ Fy Pӕi quan hӋ biӋn chӭng vӟi mөF ÿtFKQKLӋm vө, nӝi dung WUz FKѫL ÿyQJYDLWKHRFKӫ ÿӅKuQKWKӭc tә chӭFWUzFKѫLÿyQJYDLWKHRFKӫ ÿӅ. DӵDYjR nӝi dung WUz FKѫL ÿyQJ YDL WKHR FKӫ ÿӅ, dӵD WUrQ FiF FKӫ ÿӅ ÿӅ WjL Qӝi dung NKiPSKiWӯQJÿӕLWѭӧQJÿӇ lӵa chӑn nӝi dung, biӋQSKiSJLiRGөFFiFWUzFKѫL KuQKҧQKWuQKKXӕQJFyYҩQÿӅ,...) nhҵPKuQKWKjQKkӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ cho trҿ.

BiӋQ SKiS UqQ OX\Ӌn kӻ QăQJ Wӵ bҧo vӋ ÿѭӧF [k\ GөQJ WUrQ QJX\rQ Wҳc ³Oҩy trҿ OjP WUXQJ WkP W{Q WUӑQJ WtQK FKӫ thӇ cӫa trҿ trong hoҥW ÿӝQJ WăQJ FѭӡQJFiFKRҥWÿӝng thӵFKjQKWUҧi nghiӋm.

&iFELӋQSKiSJLiRGөFFyTXDQKӋ mұt thiӃt vӟLQKDX9uYұ\WtFKKӧp FiFELӋQSKiSWURQJTXiWUuQKUqQOX\Ӌn kӻ QăQJWӵ bҧo vӋ cho trҿ OjQJX\rQWҳc quan trӑng.

1.3ĈһFÿLӇPWkPVLQKOtFӫa trҿ 5-6 tuәi

1.3Ĉ̿FÿL͋PVLQKOt

ĈһFÿLӇm vӅ thӇ chҩt:

ĈһFÿLӇPVLQKOtQәi bұt ӣ trҿ 5 - 6 tuәLOjKӋ thҫQNLQKWѭѫQJÿӕLSKiW triӇQ KRjQ WKLӋn vӅ KuQK WKiL FNJQJ QKѭ FҩX WU~F 7UӑnJ Oѭӧng cӫD QmR WăQJ Wӯ khoҧng 1.100 gr - 1.300 gr. Mӝt sӕ YQJ WUrQYӓ QmR WLӃp tөFÿѭӧF PHOLQ KyD &iFYQJFKӭFQăQJFӫDQmRWLӃp tөFÿѭӧFFKX\rQP{QKRiQKӡ ÿyWUҿ ÿmFy khҧ QăQJKRҥWÿӝQJWUtWXӋ phӭc tҥSYjÿLӅu khiӇn hoҥWÿӝQJÿzL hӓi sӵ tinh tӃ cӫDFѫEҳp. Bӝ QmRWUҿ NK{QJNKiFJuQJѭӡLWUѭӣQJWKjQKEDRQKLrXYӟLWUrQ tӹ tӃ EjRWKҫn kinh.

HӋ [ѭѫQJFӫa trҿ tiӃp tөFSKiWWULӇQ;ѭѫQJWLӃp tөFÿѭӧc cӕWKyDFiFFѫ WRUD&ѫTXDQK{KҩSYjWXҫQKRjQSKiWWULӇn. Sӵ SKiWWULӇn cӫDFiFFѫÿӇ thӵc hiӋn chӭFQăQJYұQÿӝQJSKiWWULӇn mҥnh. Trҿ FyWKӇ kiӇPVRiWYjSKӕi hӧp vұn ÿӝng vӟLFiFQKyPFѫOӟQYuYұy trҿ FyWKӇ thӵc hiӋQFiFYұQÿӝng mҥQKQKѭ bұt xa, nhҧy tӯ ÿӝ cao 40cm xuӕQJÿҩt, bҳWYjQpPEyQJEҵng hai tay tӯ khoҧng FiFKPWUqROrQ[Xӕng thang ӣ ÿӝ cao 1,5m so vӟi mһWÿҩWĈӗng thӡi trҿ Fy thӇ kiӇP VRiW YjSKӕi hӧp vұQÿӝQJ FiFQKyP Fѫ QKӓ9uYұy, trҿ Fy WKӇ thӵc hiӋQÿѭӧc nhӳQJWKDRWiFÿzLKӓi sӵ NKpROpR

Trҿ FyWKӇ phӕi hӧSFiFJLiFTXDQYjJLӳ WKăQJEҵng khi vұQÿӝQJYuYұy trҿ FyWhӇ thӵc hiӋQÿѭӧc nhӳQJKjQKÿӝQJQKѭQKҧ\OzFzÿLWKăQJEҵQJWUrQ ghӃ .K{QJ FKӍ phӕi hӧS NKpR OpR Pj KӋ vұQ ÿӝng cӫa trҿ FzQ WKӇ hiӋn sӭc mҥnh, sӵ nhanh nhҽQYjGҿo dai cӫDFѫWKӇĈLӅXQj\ÿѭӧc thӇ hiӋn ӣ khҧ QăQJ chҥ\OLrQWөc trong khoҧQJPNK{QJ hҥn chӃ thӡi gian, chҥ\OrQPWURQJ khoҧng thӡi gian 5-6s.

TӕFÿӝ KuQKWKjQKFiFSKҧn xҥ FyÿLӅu kiӋQWăQJQKDQKKӋ thӕQJWtQKLӋu thӭ KDL Yj FiF Eӝ phұQ SKiW FҧP SKiW WULӇn mҥQK Fѫ TXDQ SKiW kP ÿm KRjQ thiӋn, khҧ QăQJWKtQKJLiFSKiWWULӇn mҥnh mӁ.

NKѭYұ\WURQJJLDLÿRҥQQj\WUҿ FzQQKӓ QKѭQJUҩt hiӃXÿӝQJKD\WzPz WKtFKNKiP SKiWKӃ giӟL[XQJTXDQKGRÿy WKѭӡQJ Fy QKӳng nguy hiӇP OX{Q UuQKUұp ӣ xung quanh trҿ7X\QKLrQVӵ WUѭӣQJWKjQKFӫa hӋ thҫQNLQKYjKRjQ thiӋQFiFJLiFTXDQWURQJFѫWKӇ vӅ cҧ OѭӧQJYjFKҩWOjÿLӅu kiӋn thuұn lӧi cho JLiRYLrQWә chӭFFiFKRҥWÿӝQJJLiRGөFNƭQăQJSKzQJFKӕng bҳWFyFFKRWUҿ.

ĈһFÿLӇm vӅ QJ{QQJӳ:

Trҿ JLDLÿRҥn 5 - 6 tuәLQJ{QQJӳ cӫa trҿ SKiWWULӇn mҥQKÿҥt chҩWOѭӧng cao vӅ SKiWkPYӕn tӯ YjFiFKuQKWKӭc ngӳ SKiS&iFKuQKWKӭFQJ{QQJӳ Fy kӃt cҩu chһt chӁ ÿѭӧFKuQKWKjQKWtQKELӇu cҧm cӫDQJ{QQJӳ ÿѭӧFSKiWWULӇn. Ĉӭa trҿ nҳPÿѭӧc quy luұt cӫa tiӃng mҽ ÿҿ, hӑFFiFKVҳp xӃp nhӳQJêQJKƭFӫa PuQKPӝWFiFKORJLFFKһt chӁ. Sӵ lұp luұn trӣ WKjQKSKѭѫQJSKiSJLҧi quyӃWFiF nhiӋm vө WUt WXӋ QJ{Q QJӳ trӣ WKjQK F{QJ Fө cӫD Wѭ GX\ Yj SKѭѫQJ WLӋn cӫa nhұn thӭc.

ChӭF QăQJ ÿLӅu khiӇn cӫD QJ{Q QJӳ ÿѭӧF SKiW WULӇn biӇu hiӋn trong sӵ