Theo vớ dụ trờn, cõu viết lại sẽ chuyển sang dạng so sỏnh bằng ở thể phủ định.
à My house isn’t as big as his.
Hay My house isn’t so big as his (house).
MỘT SỐ CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG1. Would you like … thỡ sử dụng S invite O + to - Vo 1. Would you like … thỡ sử dụng S invite O + to - Vo
Ex : Mary said to Peter: “Would you like to go for walk?” Mary invited Peter to go for walk.
2. If I were you … hoặc had better/ should/ ought to + Vo thỡ sử dụng S + advise + O + not to – Vo
Ex : I said “You should not smoke, Tam” à I advised Tam not to smoke.
3. Shall we …?/ why don’t you …?/ Let’s …/ How about/ what about …? thỡ sử dụng S + suggest (that) S + should (not) Vo should (not) Vo
Ex : Miss White said to her husband: “Why don’t you give up drinking alcohol?” Miss White suggested that her husband should give up drinking alcohol.
4. Will (not) Vo được biến thành promise/ offer (not) to – Vo
Ex: She said, “I will take you to town” à She offered to take me to town.
5. Remember/ don’t forget + V-ing or to Vo được biến thành remind + O + to + Vo
Ex: He said to me: “Don’t forget to learn your lessons” à He reminded me to learn my lessons.
6. Sorry for … à S + apologize (to somebody) for V – ing.
7. S + insist … à S + insist on + Ving
8. S + want/ hope + to - Vo … à S + have a dream of + V-ing ….
PHRASES/ EXPRESSIONS TO REMEMBER
• Advise someone to do something
Mark said to us, “You really ought to get some help.” à Mark advised us to get some help. • Wish to do something
“I hope that I can leave this house to my children,” the old man said.
à The old man wished to leave the house to his children. • Threaten to do something
“If you do that again, I’ll leave,” the worker said angrily.
à The worker threatened to leave if I did it again. • Tell somebody to do something
“Carry this bag into the kitchen,” my mother said. à My mother told me to carry the bag into the kitchen. • Refuse to do something
She said, “I can’t go to the cinema with you tonight.” She refused to go to the cinema with me that night.
• Promise to do something He said, “I will come on time.” He promised to come on time.
• Offer to do something
“Let me drive you to the airport,” Alice said. à Alice offered to drive me to the airport. • Invite someone to do something / for something
“Would you like to stay at our house?” said your friends.
à Your friends invited me to stay at their house.
“Would you like to have dinner with us?” à Her cousin invited her to have / for dinner. • Beg someone to do something
“Please do not tell my parents about this,” she said to me. She begged me not to tell her parents about it.
• Ask someone to do something • Warn somebody about / of something
He said, “Be careful. The path is slippery.” à He warned us about the slippery path. “Driving on this wet street is dangerous,” she said.
à She warned us of the danger of driving on the wet street. • Think of doing something
John said, “The house is very nice! I’ll certainly buy it!” à John thought of buying the house. • Dream of doing something
“I have always wanted to be a pilot,” Paul said to you. à Paul has always dreamed of being a pilot. • Look forward to doing something
Mr. Smith said: “I feel like meeting my children soon.”
à Mr. Smith looked forward to meeting his children soon. • Prevent / Stop someone from doing something
The policeman said to the customer: “Stay here! You mustn’t leave the shop!”
à The policeman stopped the customer (from) leaving the shop. • Accuse someone of doing something
“You didn’t do what I said,” the mother said to her son.
MODAL VERBSA. Form : Modal Verbs (can/ could/ may/ might will/ would ) + Vo A. Form : Modal Verbs (can/ could/ may/ might will/ would ) + Vo
B. Use :
a. Can (quỏ khứ là could): chỉ một khả năng hoặc cú thể làm điều gỡ đú, nghĩa là “cú thể” Ex : Tom can play three musical intruments.
In the past, people could hardly travel easily.
b. May/ might: diễn đạt một điều gỡ đú cú thể là thật hặoc điều gỡ cú lẽ xảy ra. (less than 50 % of certainty) Ex : It may/ might be a bomb.
She may/ might be at home today. c. Should (not): chỉ lời khuyờn (nờn hay khụng nờn)
Ex : You should not smoke so much. It is not good for you.
d. Must: chỉ sự bắt buộc (phải), must not chỉ sự cấm đoỏn khụng được phộp. (95% of certainty) Ex : You haven’t got much time. You must hurry.
You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else. e. Need (cần) # needn’t = don’t need (khụng cần)
Ex : You have got plenty of time. You don’t need to hurry (You needn’t hurry)
Notes:
1. Cõu đề nghị: Can you ….?/ Could you …. ?/ May I …. ?
Ex : Could you please open the window ? May I read your newspaper ?
2. Một số cỏch biến đổi tương đương:
- Be necessary (for O) + to – Vo = need (not)
Ex : It is unnecessary for him to study many subjects.
He needn’t study many subjects/ He does not need to study many subjects. - Be possible/ probable + to - Vo hoặc maybe + perhaps = can/ may + Vo
Ex : Maybe your answer is right = Your anwer may be right.
3. Modals + have + V3,ed:
- Could have + P.P: rất cú thể đó (diễn đạt một khả năng đó cú trong quỏ khứ, nhưng chưa được sử dụng tới). - Should (not) have + V3,ed: nờn (khụng nờn) làm một việc gỡ đú ở quỏ khứ.
- Must (not) + have + V3,ed: Ắt hẳn đó xảy ra (khụng xảy ra) ở quỏ khứ.
- May/ might/ can/ could (not) + have + V3,ed: cú thể, cú lẽ nào đó xảy ra ở quỏ khứ. - Need (Needn’t) + have + V3,ed: cần (khụng cần) làm việc gỡ ở quỏ khứ.
Degree of certainty Why wasn’t Mary in class? (a) 100% she was sick (sure)
(b) 95% she must have been sick (make a logical inference)
(c) Less than 50% she may have been sick (Mention one possibility) She might have been sick
She could have been sick Why didn’t Sam eat?
(a ) 100% Sam wasn’t hungry
(b) 99% Sam couldn’t have been hungry Sam can’t have been hungry
(d) 95% Sam must not have been hungry
(e) Less than 50% Sam may not have been hungry Sam might not have been hungry
WORD FORM
1. Noun (Danh từ) tận cựng: -ion, -ment, -ity, -er/ -or/ -ist (chỉ người), -ance/ ence, -ness ...
- Sau tớnh từ
Ex : effective treatment
- Sau a, an, the + từ chỉ số lượng như many, much, a lot of, 2, 3 .. + no, every, this, that, these, those Ex : the production, many activities
- Sau tớnh từ sở hữu: my, our, your, his, her, their .. Ex : her success
- Làm chủ ngữ/ tõn ngữ
Ex : Good health brings happiness for …
Note: Giới từ (in, with … ) + Ving + O # Giới từ ( in, with … ) + N
Ex : Thank for your inviting me # Thank for your invitation.
2. Adjective (Tớnh từ) tận cựng: -ive, ful, - al, -y, -ing, - less (not), able ....
- Trước danh từ Ex : healthy food
- Sau be (am, is, are, was, were), look(ed), seem(ed), feel(felt) Ex : is industrial, natural resource
3 Adverb (Trạng từ) tận cựng: -ly (ngoại trừ: yearly, monthly, weekly, daily là tớnh từ)
- Trước tỡnh từ
Ex : extremely cold
- Bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường: V(thường) +(O) + Adv Ex : treat women equally
- Đứng đầu cõu
Ex : Surprisingly, he cries.
Notes : * a/ an/ the + (adv) + (adj) + N
* Adj và Adv trong cấu trỳc too, enough, so .... that, so sỏnh.
* Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước trạng từ chỉ thời gian (in London in 1780) o Hard (…) # hardly (…)
o good (…) # well (…)
STRUCTURES OF “USE”
a. Be used to + Ving/ Noun/ Noun phrases: = be accustomed to + V-ing = get used to + V-ing : quen với, thớch
hợp với
Ex: Women are used to being independent. I am used to hot weather.
b. Used to + bare infinitive: đó từng, thường (thúi quen trong quỏ khứ)
(didn’t use to + V1/ Did + S + use to + V1?) Ex: He used to smoke a lot of cigarette.
c. Use + noun: dựng
Ex: I have used this book for many years.
d. Be used for + Ving/ be used to + V1: được dựng để (cụng dụng của một vật)
Ex: Money is used for buying and selling goods. = Money is used to buy and sell goods