ệ)?
7Ặ: Ạ2%#ử@+, B29 4C
Yukiko: Motoko-san, doko ka guai ga warui nỢ ja nai Ểte | no}? Motoko: Sđ na no y0, atama ga itakute....
Ề 2 3ỉ: THIẬê-LLli2Ậ R3 2(2ỲLb | Ỉ)?
nh HỊT tă 5Ậv\vỌbẬa, 3ể #BĨR23Z A722,
TA " 5 Kiyomi: Kyỏ wa Fuji-san ga mieru (kashira | to)?
VN 0N An TS ke do. Yoshie: Mieru to ii wa ne, sekkaku Hakone ni kita n' da kara.
1.U`(ka) 2. (yo) 3.`U5 (kashira) 4. 8k: HI43f, J#vỌ), 3L? (3Ỉ | 2#) ?
tt: RM4I213)L?⁄=Az@LU+33a, ti G2ặvỌxAỂ? ko
Kachõ: Yamamoto-kun, osoi ne, dõ shita no (ka na | ka)?
Kakarichỏ: Hontỏ ni dõ shita n deshõ neg, renraku mo nai n
Answers and Translations for Quiz V-1 deSu y0.
ị 1.ĐW#(kana) 2. đ(yo) 3. (ka)
1 =2. Yamada: How many years ago was this building constructed? Takamori: ỳm Ở . - ề Ỳ
not sure, but they say about 100 years ago. 9. Hă# Ề 2Hử23iÊI3 c ẬLre##b Ụ 7 v*ƯvẬ #2!)
ị 2=2. Yuka: ỳ wonder if Hiroshs coming today? Toshiko: He said he would. Ti 2x l I3 ệ D đâ, (Đ | 2>) ?
3 =1.Older brother: The bus should be coming pretty soon, ỳ guess. Younger Shikaisha: Kyõ no kaigi wa kore de owaritai to omoimasu ga,
brother: ItTI be here in another Íive minutes. nani ka shitsumon wa arimasen (no ka)?
4= 3. Customer: How much is this? Clerk: Thats ⁄2,500.
5= 3. Harumi: ỳ wonder if Ayumi is mad? Yoko: I don't think she's mad or anything. l|
Ẩ|
Ânswers and Translations for Quiz VỞ2
1= 3> (ka). Matsuo: What time should ỳ leave the house tomorrow? Hirotani: lf pos-
sible, please leave at 6:00.
2= ử) (no). Yukiko: Motoko, arent you feeling well? Motoko: Not really. Pve got this headache.
3= #*LỈ (kashira). Kiyomi: I wonder if wel be able to see Mt. Fuji today. Yoshie:
ỳ hope so, after coming aỳl the way to Hakone.
4= 2*⁄2 (ka na). Section chief: Yamamoto's late. I wonder whats happened to him.
Subsection chief: Really, what could have happened to him? And he hasnt called in either.
5 = 2 (ka). Chairperson: I would now like to bring today's meeting to an end. Are
there any questions?
Choose the correct particle from among those appearing in parentheses. Answers are at the end of the quiz, along with English translations.
1. #4 : HH, #2 # H7ZặbvỌvỌ@LU+3 | ử2)? JỌẾệ3: 'ẠỂỌ Ẩui#6fRtặ HC $ #3 &vỌo JỌẾệ3: 'ẠỂỌ Ẩui#6fRtặ HC $ #3 &vỌo
Matsuo: Ashita, nanji ni ie o detara ii deshõ (ka | no)?
Hirotani: Dekireba rokuji ni dete kudasai.
58 QUIZV QUIZV 59
lị lị 1 1. Ạ (te) 7. Ạ(de) - 3. ?\5 (kara) 4. 0Ể (no dỉ) Ẽ 5. 'b@'Ạ (mono de):
1. TC (te form). As the connection between two clauses, the TC form of adjectives and verbs can indicate a reason at the end of the first clause in a sentence. Note that the TC form can also mean ỘandỢ (see III-9).
Telling the difference depends on reading the context correctly. English equivalents: Ộbecause,Ợ Ộsince,Ợ Ộso.Ợ hĩ
D i24, Ạv3\C, 6l#Ậ#'ẠIzZ#ẬỌ\z4T1 4ửLẬ#ặ#173Q Michi ga konde ite, rokuji made ni kũkõ ni iku no wa muri da. The roads are crowded, so it's impossible to get to the airport by
6:00.
¡0 +4 52ẬZ <'C, J#RVVCvỌ}###A ko
Asoko wa ima yuki ga đkute, aruite ikemasen yo.
Right now the snow is heavy there, so you cant go (get there) on foot.
2. ỘỂ (de). Following nouns, indicates that the noun is the reason for the
situation given in the following verb. TẠ can sometimes be made softer in
tone by converting it into ử2 Ạ (no de; VI-4) or more đirect by replacing
Ji II HỊ hi lỊl 1
it with 2> (kara; VI-3). English equivalent: Ộđue to,Ợ Ộowing to,Ợ
Ộbecause of.Ợ
0 #Fê^l4, 55WẠZLi2:b 3ẨẬL#ẬKặƯJẠvxẬ 3c Hayashi-san wa, byđki de senshi kara kaisha ụ yasunde Hayashi-san wa, byđki de senshi kara kaisha ụ yasunde
imasu.
Because Hayashi-san has been iỳl, he has been away from the
office since last week.
ii, SfrcfRi2i1ffR] ỏ lỈ #7=o
Kesa wa, jiko de densha ga ichiji-kan mo tomatta.
This morning, due to an accident, the train stopped running Íor a whole hour.
3. *ạ (kara). Indicates a reason and can follow a verb, adjective, na-
adjective, or noun; nouns and na-adjective must be accompanied by *
(da) when they are used with 3 . Compared with 7Ạ (no de; VI-4) and b ửTẠ (mono de; VI-B), 3*ỈĐ2 is much more direct in giving a and b ửTẠ (mono de; VI-B), 3*ỈĐ2 is much more direct in giving a
cause or reason and is therefore often avoided in polite conversation
when the ỘreasonỢ may somehow offend the other party. English equiva-
lent: Ộbecause.Ợ
0 Ô#: 2i#vỈRứ\Wậ2ẬlẬ42Cv4t}Ỉ, 3k -#Ọ Ak#+*ệ*? Ak#+*ệ*?
#1: ỏ)2Ật3. 3b, v*2Ỉ7603%7/2ệ#*5 kX XÊ
Hisako: lma warul kaze ga hayatte iru kedo, 0taku no okosan
daijBbu?
Tomomi: Arigatõ. Uchi no ko, itsumo genki da kara daijỏbu y0.
Hisako: There is a bad cold góng around now. Is your boy/girl OK? 1
Tomomi: Thanks for asking. Our little boy/girl is always full of energy, so he/she should be OK.
¡' II: ###$, 1 7\Z#T72>##vỪ? - ứfz#Ỉ : 2+HI+Wff?32*b, MHI2LU+k3+Ề ứfz#Ỉ : 2+HI+Wff?32*b, MHI2LU+k3+Ề
62 VỊ. Particles Indicating a Reason or Cause
Toyama: Gogo, gorufu ni ikanai?
Inaba: Kyỏ wa ame da kara, ashita ni shiyỏ yo.
Toyama: Want to go golfing this afternoon?
Inaba: Since it's supposed to rain today, let's make it tomorrow.
4. ử*C (no de). Indicates a reason or cause at the end of a clause, the
result of which is given in the following clause. Nouns and na-adjectives
take ⁄? (na) before ử)"Ể, ử)"Ể sounds softer than 2> (kara; VI-3) and 1s therefore often used when politeness is called for. When more politeness is required, there is recourse to b ử 7Ể (mono de; VI-B). ử
7Ạ is similar to TC (-te; VI-1) in that they can both connect clauses, but
ử)ỢẠ has a softer sound. English equivalents: Ộbecause,Ợ Ộn that.Ợ
0 2:ặOSjR^tẬ, ệ#EO)f8UJậ2Ậjf4Lzử*Ạ, 2Ỳ {172 YflầL ?=o {172 YflầL ?=o
Kotoshi no natsu-yasumi wa, akusei no kaze ga ryũkõ shita no de, kaigai-ryokõsha ga gekigen shita.
During summer vacation this year, there was a bad cold going
around, so there was a huge drop in travelers going abroad.
¡ t+4242Ỳ.EIựI *#:ử*ỂẠ, ê#tửỉ#i# Ạ2 #<vỪC v*5+3Z#. v*5+3Z#.
lma wa keiki ga uwamuki na no de, kaisha no keiei mo umaku Itte iru yõ da.
Nứow, with the econoric upturn, the company is apparently doing
well
5. ẹửỢC (mono de). In that it indicates a cause or reason at the end of
a clause and follows verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, b ửY*Ạ ậs similar to,
and interchangeable with, #2 "Ạ (no de; VI-4); it điffers from 2Ạ in that it has a more polite sound to it. English equivalents: Ộbecause,Ợ Ộin
that,Ợ Ộfor the reason that.Ợ
64 ) FEHtẬ-#ft2Ậ#tL Ư HU?Z: 6ử*Ạ, 1⁄3 ỞklcvVỞ Ểx*3'` rL8ể{fYvv##+LẠL?Ậo
Kinỏ wa kodomo ga netsu o dashita mono đe, konsêto ni goissho dekizu, mỏshiwake gozaimasen deshita.
Yesterday my son/daughter had a fever, so that ỳ wasn't able to
accompany you to the concert. ỳ offer my apologies.
0 HỊF: 3#Z2xLẬ #4. 3ựÊ2ẬRK7|vỌCvỌ2 Ế ử*Ạ, 6l
# Ạtzit4bbtrfRii32 #vỈĐ*ẠỂ3Ậ2Ọ--:
BẶ2:vỌv Ạ3 ko ỏffbLCvỌ#*?72>-b5, X4 ƯLU*#
vă*Ạ $ # XVƯ
Yamashita: Sumimasen. Kaigi ga nagabiite iru mono de, rokuji : made ni wa sochira ni ukagaenal no desu ga...
Nomoto: li desu yo. machi shite imasu kara, kắ ni shinai de kudasal.
Yamashita: ỳm very sorry, but the meeting has taken longer than expected and so ỳ wont be able to call on you by 6 oclock.
Nomoto: That's perfectly all right. FII be waiting for you, so dorft concern yourself about 1t.