a) Khdi niem
Khi thay thé m6t hay nhi^u nguydn tir hidro trong phan tijf hidrocacbon bSng m6t hay nhi^u nguydn tir halogen ta diroc dSn xuát halogen ciia hidrocacbon, thircmg goi tat la dSn xuát halogen.
h) Phan logi
DSn xuát halogen g6m c6 d i n xuát flo, d i n xutft clo, dSn xua't brom, dSn xu^t iot
va dan xuát chura d6ng thcfi m6t vai halogen khac nhaụ
+ Dua theo cáu tao cua g6c hidrocacbon ngircri ta phan thanh cAc loai sau:
- DSn xuát halogen no : CHFCU, (013)30
- Dan xuát halogen kh6ng no : CF2=CF2, CH2=CHC1
- DSn xuaft halogen thorn : QH5F, p- CH3QH4Br
+ Bac ciia dan xuSit halogen bang bac cua nguyfin tir C lifen k^t vod nguydn tir halogen. C H j C H j C H j a CH3CH(CH3)C1 CH3C(CH3)2a
dSn xuát bac 1 dk\t bac 2 dSn xu^t bac 3
c) Dong phan vd danh phdp
+ D6ng phan
DSn xuát halogen c6 d6ng phan mach C, đng phan vj tri nhom churc. FCH.CH.CHj FCH,CH(CH3)3 1 -flobutan 1 -flo-2-metylpropan + Danh phap - Ten th6ng thircmg : C H C I 3 CHI3 Clorofom lodofom - T6n g6c churc : Tdn gdc hidrocacbon + halogennua CH,a CH2=CHF QHjCH^Br
Metylclorua Vinyl florua benzyl bromua
- Ten thay thé:
B r
C I 2 C H C H 3
1,1 -dicloetan 1,3-dibrom benzen
Cly TNHHMTVDWHKhang Vift
C H 3 - p - C H , - C H 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Br
2. Tinh chat hoa hoc
^) Phan ling thenguyen tu halogen hang nhom -OH
CH3CH2CH3CI + NaOH C H j C H X H . O H + N a Q
Propyl clorua ancol propyl ic
RCH= C H C H 2-X + H2O — ^ R C H = C H C H , - O H > <^ QH,C1 + 2NaOH 3OO°c,20Oa.n, ^ Q H , O N a + N a a + H, 0
I, ) Phan i(ng tdch hidro halogenua
CH3-CH,Br + K O H > CH,=CH, + KBr + H, 0
Quy tac tach Zaixep : Khi tach H X khoi dSn xuát halogen, nguyen tijr halogen im tien tach ra Cling vdi H o nguyen tir C bac cao hon ben canh.
*- CH3-CH=CH-CH3 san phSim chinh san phSim chinh CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
san ph^m phu ''
c) Phan vtng voi Mg
C H 3 C H; - B r ^ ' ^ > C H 3 C H. - M g - B r Etyl magie bromua j ^ , , ^ . , , ,
d) Co che phan i(ng the nguyen tii halogen v|,
V i d u : » ., . dmpc , _ „
C H r C- B " ^ " - C H r C- C H j + B r - H
C H 3 C H 3
^Cacbocation sinh ra k ^ hop ngay vdi OH" tao thanh ancol.
C H j C f - CH3 + CHr(|:(0H>-CH3
CH3 CH3
I I . A N C O L