x ray diffraction and x ray fluorescence

... Trung 11 X- Ray Fluorescence TS : Nguyễn Ngọc Trung 12 X- Ray Fluorescence VD : máy phân giải bước sóng đa kênh : TS : Nguyễn Ngọc Trung 13 X- Ray Fluorescence TS : Nguyễn Ngọc Trung 14 X- Ray Fluorescence ... Ngọc Trung X- Ray Fluorescence Sự khác trình tạo điện tử Auger huỳnh quang tia X (Chúng khác lượng ) TS : Nguyễn Ngọc Trung X- Ray Fluorescence 3.Thiết bị phân tích tia X • Muốn phân tích XRF ta đo ... X- Ray Fluorescence 1.Giới Thiệu XRF • XRF (huỳnh quang tia X) kỹ thuật quang phổ sử dụng chủ yếu với mẫu rắn,trong phát x tia X thứ cấp sinh kích thích điện tử mẫu nguồn phát tia X • Dựa...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 11:20

... simultaneous singlemolecule fluorescence and optical trapping The choices of dyes and excitation wavelengths were optimized to minimize two-photon excitation and achieve acceptably long fluorescence lifetimes ... collection region QPD Fluorescence excitation F z Piezo stage y x Optical tweezers and position D Single-molecule fluorescence Video camera Intensified camera S1 B z D L1 S2 y zx x L2 SAPD Pinhole ... optical trapping and fluorescence experiment to unzip DNA (a) A cartoon of the simplified experimental geometry (not to scale) A bead was tethered by a digoxygenin-based linkage (blue and yellow)...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:20

... France) and Q pubes(seed origin: Mont Ventoux) Three-year-old (Q pubescens and Q ilex) or 4-year-old (Q petraea) saplings were grown in 7-I plastic pots on a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of brown peat and sandy ... (Boyer, 1976) and in ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenactivity (Vu et al, 1987) Leaf gas exchange measurements and analysis using diffusion models (Jones, 1973, 1985; Farquhar and Sharkey, ... use efficiency under water shortage (Schulze and Hall, 1982), were 0.24 μmol·mmol in -1 Q ilex, and 0.13 and 0.15 in Q petraea and Q pubescens An example obtained of ) i (A,C response curves...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 03:24

... depenfd dent variable Discussion and Conclusions The ratio of fluorescence decrease to steady-state fluorescence, termed R or fd )/F r (Fp -F according to Lichtenthaler and Rinderle (1988), showed ... regression Y values gave rise to 3.527 - 0.026 x, = a linear (R2 = Two hours of exposure at -4 and -5°C reduced the photosynthetic capacity by 90 and 130%, respectively, in comparison to the control ... high photon flux density in low temperaturestressed leaves The increasing delay of the fluorescence decrease kinetics to reach the final steady-state fluorescence, which is well expressed by the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:20

... Fe2+ and Fe3+ without tmeda-PPETE 118 xviii Figure 4-17 Dexter (double-electron exchange) energy transfer between an excited fluorophore and Cu2+ 119 Figure 4-18 Electron transfer between an excited ... husband, Zhigang (Louis) Lu and my daughter Minyuan (Betty) Lu I feel so grateful to my husband for his love, support and understanding for so many years I also thank my daughter She is so cute and ... 1-14 Reaction of aldehyde and ketone with N-amino-N-(1hexylheptyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylbisimide 18 xv Figure 1-15 Examples of sensors with thiourea group and modified thiourea group...

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 10:54

... 2x2 r ′2 − 2z2 e r ′ − (x x ) 4Dτ e ′ − (y−y ) 4Dτ e e− (z−z′ )2 4Dτ dxdx = ′ dydy = dzdz′ = √ π π a − b2 /4 − e r2 + 4Dτ √ π Dτ r0       x −     2Dτ + r2 4Dτ           xx′ ... as, τd = r0 /(4D) r0 and z0 are defined in the equation 2.2 There are some common integrals used in the above derivation as listed below e x dx = 2 e−a (x +bxy+y ) dxdy = − 2x r e − 2y2 r e r e ... experience in life and studies, and my elder sister for her delicious homemade dishes in the holidays Contents Summary viii List of Tables viii List of Figures x Abbreviations and Symbols xi...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:13

... scanning calorimetry (DSC); X- ray powder diffraction (XRPD); combined, simultaneous, and dynamic differential scanning calorimetry /X- ray powder diffraction (DSC/XRPD); and high performance liquid ... of Mixtures of Polymorphs and Potential New Solids Forms By using the combined and dynamic DSC/ XRPD, several mixtures of disodium salt samples were identified, and the components of these mixtures ... mixture of hydrated Forms I and IV (sample 8) Figure 31 DSC of mixture of Form III monohydrate and Form IV hydrate (sample 56) Figure 32 Superimposed XRPD of mixture of Form III monohydrate and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/05/2014, 09:20

... carbide XRD : x- ray diffraction HR-XRD : High-resolution synchrotron x- ray diffraction RSM : Reciprocal space mapping PLM : Polarized light microscope xx FWHM : Full-width-at-half-maximum ε’ ... et al.) S: x = ([001]-poled) S: x = ([001]- and [111]-poled) S: x = 5, (unpoled) S: x =4.5, ([001]-poled) S: x = 4.5, ([001]-poled) S: x =8, 10 ([100]-,[011]-, and [111]-poled) P: 10 x 15 prepared ... PZN-PT PZN -x% PT: single crystal (S) or powder (P) P: 5

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... Synchrotron x- ray diffraction of higher energy, being 18 keV, revealed similar penetration depth in PZN-8%PT sample [32] Meanwhile, using synchrotron x- ray diffraction at 10.7 keV, 32 keV, and 67 ... µm, 59 µm, and 412 µm of a PZN sample [57] This suggests a nonlinear relation between the x- ray energy and the penetration depth despite similar test samples were used Whether the x- ray diffraction ... surface X- ray 44.65o ~43.0-44.0o 42 43 44 45 46 47 2θ [010]W [100] L PZN-4.5%PT b) b) Fractured surface Intensity (arb units) X- ray X- ray 44.62 42 43 44 45 o 46 47 2θ Figure 5.1 (002) XRD profiles...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... PZN-8%PT, and PZN-9%PT single crystals The results are provided in Figures 5.11(a), (c), and (e) To expose the bulk material, the same samples were later fractured into two halves and were again x- rayed ... 5.11(b), (d), and (f) The polished -and- annealed bulk PZN-PT single crystals were found to cover with a deformed layer even after heating to above TC, giving rise to smear effect in the x- ray diffraction ... occurrence of the extremely broad lower 2θ peak adjacent to the main (002)R peak in standard XRD profiles of (001)-orientated PZN-PT single crystals has been examined This diffraction arises...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... in the x- ray profile following any direction of polishing, suggesting that the surface phase is always present regardless of the direction and/ or mode of polishing This behavior can be explained ... annealing treatments The heating and cooling rates used were 1.5 ºC/min Figure 5.9 shows the (002) XRD profiles of the differently annealed PZN-4.5%PT samples and the (002) XRD profile of the as-polished ... 5.7a), was tilted by an angle of 45° and again polished back and forth in the new direction After the second polishing, the earlier set of domains disappeared and was replaced by a new set of elongated...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... the diffraction 88 patterns may be assigned as: (a) MC (d1, d3, d7, d4, and d6, d7 being the bm diffraction) + T (d2 and d5), (b) T (d2 and d5) + T* (d1, d3, d4 and d6) + R (d7), or (c) T (d2 and ... micro- and nanodomains and Figures 6.2(d)-(h) are the corresponding diffraction patterns on the (002) RSM To explain how domain size may affect the (002) diffraction profiles, we begin with diffractions ... parameters am and cm are equal Because reciprocal lattice points in HR-XRD RSM are projected with respect to the pc axes, it is important to establish the relationship between the pc axes and the axes...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... of coexistence of the {100}-type and {110}-type R nanotwins onto the (002) RSM (b) The projection of the coexistence of R micro- and nanotwins onto (002) RSM 112 coexistence of R micro- and nanotwin ... 7.2(a) To understand how the (002) diffraction pattern is affected by: (a) the four structural variants of the R structure, i.e., r1, r2, r3, and r4, and (b) its domain size, the diffraction produced ... {100}-type and/ or {110}-type R microtwin domains, a result of the large diffraction width associated with the fine domain structure and the extreme compliant nature of the R phase The diffraction...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... the cooling and transformation stresses to be relaxed via twinning of both the untransformed T and the transformed R phases Thus, at room condition, the mixture of R and T micro- and/ or nanotwins ... unpoled (annealed) (a) and (b) PZN-7%PT, and (c) and (d) PZN-8%PT single crystals 127 sample of PZN-7%PT and PZN-8%PT, respectively, but of the same wafers as in Figures 8.1(a) and (c) These peaks ... 6.1 gives the relationships between the m axes and the pc axes of the various M phases and the O phase Judging from the nature of splitting, these diffraction peaks in Figure 8.1(d), say, may...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... 8.13e) may be assigned as (a) MB (d1, d3, d4, and d6) + T (d2 and d5), (b) MC (d1, d2, d3, d4, and d6) + T (d2 and d5) or T* (d1, d3, d4, and d6) + T (d2 and d5) (see Section 6.2.3 for details) The ... to Tmax ≅ 165 ºC, the scattered areas started to exhibit extinction at most P/A angles, suggesting the occurrence of the C phase (Figure 8.14f) Above Tmax, the sample exhibited a total extinction ... (d1, d2, d3, d4, and d6) + T (d2 and d5), or (c) T* (i.e., d1, d3, d4, and d6) + T (i.e., d2 and d5) We may rule out possibilities (a) and (b) as transformations of the type MB-C and MC-C are not...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... the entire MPB (standard + extended) region where (R+T) coexist, the crystal exhibits extremely high piezoelectric properties This suggests that the presence of (R+T) phase mixture in the form ... nanotwins if the diffraction is of considerably smaller FWHM and lies in the ω = 0°, or (c) the convoluted peak of both {100}-type and {110}-type R micro- and nanotwin mixture if the diffraction is ... structure Samples showing similar RSMs were ground into powder of

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... current and HR-XRD results suggest TR-T ≅ 100-135 °C for [001]-annealed -and- poled PZN-4.5%PT and 95-115 °C for [001]-annealed-andpoled PZN-7%PT single crystals 175 Table 9.2 TDP, TR-T(L), and TR-T(U) ... transformation in relaxor single crystals occurs over a temperature range, manifested by the coexistence of R* and T* domains, a string of thermal current signals, and continued degradation of KT and k31 The ... the x- axis Both the KT and k31 of PZN-4.5%PT started to degrade after it was heated to 105 ºC 174 domains are parallel to the E-field direction which is normal to the fractured surface being x- rayed...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... the ferroelectric relaxor (1 -x) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3, Phys Rev B, 66, p 054104 2002 36 Bai, F., N Wang, J Li, D Viehland, P M Gehring, G Xu and G Shirane X- ray and neutron diffraction investigations ... Bellaiche, L., A Garcia and D Vanderbilt Electric-field induced polarization paths in Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 alloys, Phys Rev B, 64, p 060103 2001 25 Vanderbilt, D and M H Cohen Monoclinic and triclinic phases ... to an expanded MPB across 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 in PZN-xPT single crystals This expanded (R+T) MPB region can be further divided into two different regions In the low PT region (i.e., 0.06 ≤ x ≤ ≈ 0.08),...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40

... lobular carcinoma and in-situ ductal carcinoma studied in this work is referred to as glandular tissue Therefore, it is expected different peak positions will exist for carcinoma and fibrocystic ... Harding G, Neitzel U, et al X- ray diffraction measurement of some plastic materials and body tissues Med Phys 1987; 14 (4): 1811-1816 Lewis RA, Rogers KD, Hall CJ, Towns-Andrews E, Slawson S, Evan ... CRM, Hufton AP and Dance DR Breast cancer diagnosis using scattered X- rays J Synchrotron Rad 2000; 7: 348-352 Malden CH, Speller RD, et al A CdZnTe array for the detection of explosives in baggage...

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2012, 11:08