when fast is not fast enough

... 89 Shuffling the deck: Isomerases 90 Putting it together: Ligases 90 Enzymes as Catalysts: When Fast Is Not Fast Enough 91 Models of catalysis: Lock and key versus induced-fit ... life What Is Biochemistry and Where Does It Take Place? Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms Biochemists study the chemical reactions that occur at the molecular level of organisms Normally ... READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ For general information on our other products...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2014, 22:51

... syn•anti•syn• anti The hydrogen-bond directionality of a G-tetrad in the core can be clockwise or anticlockwise, and this is directly related to the glycosidic conformations of guanines for each type of ... number of G-tracts is often taken as the number of repeats, when the studied sequences not contain exact multiples of the TTAGGG repeat For example, the sequence d[AGGG(TTAGGG)3] is usually considered ... without generating knots It is also possible that all these arrangements of G-quadruplexes coexist in the contexts of long telomeric DNA (or RNA) Figure 6D shows an example of the coexistence of three...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 09:22

... main disadvantage of the concatenation approach is that the set of candidate joint structures becomes restricted For this reason, double kissing hairpin interactions (like in OxyS-fhlA) cannot ... mRNA (or another ncRNA), which is followed by prediction of reliable base pairs in the combined sequence Via this approach, we are able to predict combined pseudoknotted structures, like kissing ... scoring where Pr[σ|T, M] is the prior distribution of secondary structures and Pr[ A |T, σ ] is the probability of the alignment, given a known consensus structure This is then transformed into...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 17:20

... vitro and is in the single-chain RNA polymerase family The transcription mechanism carried out by this enzyme shares several similarities with other multichain RNA polymerases [9] It is generally ... 267(1):207-22 Ramachandran GN, Ramakrishnan C, Sasisekharan V: Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations J Mol Biol 1963, 7:95-9 Page of (page number not for citation purposes) Theoretical ... years [2] The aim of this work to carry out homology modeling of both DNA and RNA polymerases from the linear mitochondrial plasmid of M perniciosa With the accomplishment of this work, these models...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:20

... this review, we will discuss the role of caspases and phosphorylation in apoptosis, with particular emphasis on the induction of DNA fragmentation, which is one of the most typical characteristics ... caspase-3 [26,52,53] Caspase activation is indispensable for proteolysis of the DFF complex Although CAD is not cleaved by caspase-3, activation of CAD is a caspase-3-dependent process that occurs ... fostriecin, CA) induces apoptosis; on the other hand, inhibition of PP1 rather than PP2A (PP1 > PP2A) (TM) fails to induce apoptosis It is possible that apoptosis is induced when PP1 has greater activation...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... (acrylamide ⁄ bisacrylamide = 19 : 1) gel; 1· TBE was used, both in the gel and as the electrophoresis buffer Electrophoresis was performed at 1500 V for h at °C, and gels were visualized on a ... PRMT3 to bind to G-quadruplex This supplementary material can be found in the online version of this article Please note: As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting ... be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 01:20

... should be noted that the published NN-model parameters were generally extracted from the temperature-independent thermodynamic data [17,19,21,22,25] It is not surprising that some disagreement ... coefcient is 0.997 and the standard deviation is 0.734, respectively This reects the fact that the enthalpyentropy compensation is signicant and a large increase in the enthalpy change is necessarily ... and entropy changes, respectively Tm is melting temperature CT is the total species concentration and R is the gas constant, 1.987 calặK)1mol)1 Another method is to t the shape of the melting curves...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 07:20

... part (feasible at 37 °C) Moreover, in this paper, calf thymus DNA is present when BLM-A5 is mixed with Fe2+ and O2 but not added after drug activation, and it is well known that DNA does protect ... D is the calorimetric height at time t (i.e the thermopile potential difference at times t and 0), a is the area under the calorimetric curve and the time-axis over the interval (t – 0), A is ... It is a novel application of the thermo-analytical analog curve method and suitable to both fast and slow enzymecatalyzed reactions A plot of –ln(1 ) x)/t against x/t is linear with an axis intercept...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 04:21

... high-LET radiations in cells cannot be derived quantitatively on the basis of the known mechanisms, relevant data can be obtained from cell line based experiments This is the purpose of experiments ... reproductive death is similar to values in the range of to 15 published for many other lines of cultured cells [45] The RBE of derived for the induction of DNA-DSB is consistent with published results ... distance of 50 mm underneath the dishes and the particles passed through 50 mm of helium and the thin mylar bottom of the culture dishes before entering the cells through the bottom of the dishes...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

... China) 2.4 ELISA Analysis of IL-6 Release The U251 cells were infected as above and collected from 0-24, 24-48, or 48-72 h periods IL-6 secretion was determined using a human IL-6 ELISA kit (4A ... fluorescence microscope at 200× (Olympus, Japan) 2.6 Statistical analysis Results were analyzed using SPSS software 13.0 and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Liu et al Journal of Experimental ... affects STAT3 phosphorylation STAT3 is fully activated when both of its two conserved amino acid residues Tyr705 and Ser727 are phosphorylated [16] For this propose, we extracted total proteins...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:21

... with the notable exception of resting CD4+ T cells [22] – requires the encapsidation of APO3G into nascent virions (for review see [48,49]) However, the mechanism of APO3G encapsidation is not fully ... previous analysis of helper virus-associated APO3G demonstrated that APO3G packaged through genomic RNA-independent mechanism(s) is sensitive to detergent treatment and thus most likely not associated ... northern blot analysis employed in the RSV analysis contributed to the different findings Of note, 7SL RNA despite being packaged in molar excess relative to viral genomic RNA [28] did not promote the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... administration of gold-coated DNA, and gene gun administration of noncoating DNA Non-coating Sec-N'-EGFR DNA vaccine administered by gene gun statistically delayed the growth of LL2 tumors when ... subjected to Kaplan-Meier analysis The digit in the parenthesis is the number of mice in the experiment The symbol (*) indicates a statistically significant difference when compared with the control ... vaccine administered by three different methods on established tumor in B6 mice Therapeutic Therapeutic effects of Sec-N'-EGFR DNA vaccine administered by three different methods on established tumor...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... release from DNA This model is consistent with biochemical studies discussed later in this chapter At the top of the ring is the “forehead” domain which is angled forward and is partially responsible ... loops, base mismatches, bulky adducts and curved DNA41 Exactly what role this domain plays in DNA repair remains unknown A reasonable hypothesis is that this regions DNA binding activity is responsible ... including bleomycin and etopiside1 Bleomycin is a group of glycopeptides which were first isolated from Streptomyces verticillus in 19668 These drugs consist of a disaccharide-modified metal-binding...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 09:33

... precisely when and where the genetic information should be used Ensuring the precise expression of genes at the right time is as important as switching off their expression when not required This ... significance of this isoform has not yet been deciphered Another isoform is the oocyte specific DNMT1o lacking the first 118 amino acids from the Nterminus of DNMT1 (Mertineit et al., 1998) It is synthesized ... (Francis et al., 2000) E4 protein E4 is considered as an early gene, yet it is generally expressed in parallel with late genes It is not known to have any transforming properties, though it is known...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:55

... it is a trusted system component When cached data is written back to a data manager, those pages are temporarily moved to a new memory object which is destroyed when the data manager relinquishes ... object When a page fault occurs for which the kernel does not currently have a valid cached resident page, a remote procedure call is made on the memory object requesting that data When the cache is ... address to another vm_regions(task, address, size, elements, elements_count) Return a description of this task’s address space vm_statistics(task, vm_stats) Return statistics about this task’s...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2012, 15:05

... women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later The number of men in this sector remained stable over the period, at around 700 000 Women also made gains in both the finance/banking ... 000 women and 850 000 men Thus, women appear to have made gains in the Freedonian work force but not at the expense of men (243 words) ...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2012, 10:02

... specifically trained teams In this regard, it is important to realise that, in most hospitals, the expertise exists to rapidly deliver the skills and knowledge to the bedside when necessary to deal with ... [36] It is an extraordinary challenge to change ‘culture’ Rapid response systems challenge medical ‘power’ The MET patient is created by the environment and the disease and not by the disease ... during an MET review [38] This often causes parent medical unit doctors and ward nurses to worry about criticism It is important to emphasise that the MET service is ‘hospital policy’ and that...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 10:35

... accurate or not • Decide what is and is not important to understand The teacher asks the students to find the main idea in a paragraph or whole text This activity is to identify and distinguish the ... particular disciplines, occupations and activities - ESP is centered on language appropriate to those activities in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, and analysis of the discourse - ESP is in contrast ... processes is learner’s motivation toward reading When a student does not read much, he/she of course does not feel like reading that leads to the speed of reading is slow And when he/she does not read...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:50

... Industry” Your assistance in completing the following items is highly appreciated You can be certain that this is for research purpose only and that you will not be identified in any discussion of ... Industry” is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledge and that this minor thesis or any ... students to practise English everyday C Ask students try to speak as much English as possible D Advise students try to communicate with native speakers E Suggest students taking an English course in...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:50