what is data link layer in osi model

... completion of this chapter, you will be able to: ã Explain the role of Data Link layer protocols in data transmission. ã Describe how the Data Link layer prepares data for transmission on network ... very simple. ã In point-to-point networks, if data can only flow in one direction at a time, it is operating as a half-duplex link. If data can successfully flow across the link from each node ... Data Link Layer Protocols- The Frame 31 ã Remember that although there are many different Data Link layer protocols that describe Data Link layer frames, each frame...

Ngày tải lên: 22/12/2013, 13:17

... attending systemic and independent Catholic schools in this Table. Source ABS 4221.0 3 There is no distinction between those attending systemic and independent Catholic schools in this Table. ... fees have been increasing. Ryan and Watson (2010) show that since the 1980s there has been a growth in real fees in both the Catholic and independent sectors. In this paper, we examine these changes ... minimal fees consequently family income is not a barrier to enrol. Average School’s net recurrent income per student (NRIPS) across the school types is also given in Table 5. This includes income...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... in making this special issue. They would also like to thank the Editor -in- Chief, and the editorial staff of Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Petar Popovski Mary Ann Ingram Christian B. Peel Shinsuke ... a layer that is originally not defined to use that information (e.g., the SNR information at the link layer or the queue size at the baseband module). The motivation for this special issue is the observation that ... cross -layer approach is particularly important when designing protocols at the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) /link layer. This is because the defining wireless features listed...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 08:23

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2014, 21:01

Ngày tải lên: 21/08/2012, 16:18

... Session Network Data link Physical zone 1 zone 2 H2:H.323 Protocols in relation to the OSI model G.711 G.722 G.728 G.729 G.723.1.1 Presentation H.261 ... signal Data signal Transport supplementary Services Control zone 1 zone 2 yes you can! Hình4: Admission - Cisco Admission Control With Cisco IOS MCM Gatekeeper – Call Across WAN IP WAN Admission ... H.323 RAS signaling zone 1 zone 2 Hình 3: kiến trúc tại Terminal H.323 cña Cisco Video Conference Architecture a typical H.323 Terminal Video I/O Equipment Audio I/O Equipment User Data Applications System Control User Interface H.225.0 Layer Locall Area Network Intererface recovery Path Delay Video...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2012, 21:11

Ngày tải lên: 23/08/2013, 10:37

... mechanism remains unclear. The advantage of this procedure is that it provides infor- mation about the unconstrained flows possible in this scheme. In other words, this simplified model furnishes an ... also shuttles the reducing equivalents into the cytosol where it is needed for glucose synthesis [3]. In concluding, it is instructive to compare our approach for estimating intramitochondrial flows ... which minimal value of x this choice of c is still within the conversion cone. This minimal pyruvate uptake is found to be x ẳ 19.25 lmoles because for this choice the last inequality in H holds...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 14:20

... avoid disincentives. It included 47 studies of consumer incentives for preventive care, including 7 pertaining to obesity and weight loss (all of which are included in this synthesis.) Of all ... concerning the effectiveness of economic instruments in containing or reducing food consumption, particularly of foods high in saturated fats. This synthesis also covers indirect evidence pertaining ... Jain (32) of a wide range of interventions for preventing and reducing obesity included a small set of articles addressing weight loss in the workplace, including several studies that What is...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... In prostate tests PSA what is the difference between total PSA and free PSA? What is the normal range? In addition, how can it be that if there is ANY prostate specific antigen in the ... MANY ANSWERS ARE FLAWED. It is extremely important to obtain an accurate diagnosis before trying to find a cure. Many diseases and conditions share common symptoms. The information provided here ... a minimum life expectancy of 10 years. [3] Although PSA is cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for monitoring patients with prostate cancer for disease recurrence, it is unique in...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:19

... %Showing%Critical%and%High%Risks% Nessus%5.0%Host%Summary%w ith% 5%Levels%o f%Ri sk%Severity% Copyright â 2002-2012 Tenable Network Security, Inc. 6 ( Nessus%5.0%Plugin%Filterin ... Security, Inc. All rights reserved. Tenable Network Security and Nessus are registered trademarks of Tenable Network Security, Inc. The ProfessionalFeed is a trademark of Tenable Network Security, Inc. ... advantage of real-time scan results, with on-the-fly filtering and sorting, and streamlined results navigation. Tenable Network Security, Inc. ã 7063 Columbia Gateway Drive, Suite 100, Columbia,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 15:21

... bird is in your hands.” Like the living bird in the parable, the life-saving promise of the Moringa tree is in your hands. Please act with wisdom. 5 Gram-for-gram comparison of nutritional information 1 7 ... very high in protein and contain all of the essential amino acids, including two amino acids that are especially important for children’s diets. This is most uncommon in a plant food. Moringa leaves ... midwives were trained in preparing and using Moringa leaf powder for treating malnutrition. Village women were also trained in the preparation and use of Moringa leaf powder in foods. This test found...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 22:20

... electron affinity x of the materials is used for the lining up procedure. This material parameter is nearly independent of the position of the Fermi level, unlike the work function, which is measured ... as in Figure 15. Figure 15: Scheme of Bragg diffraction. It hiis the form nX = 2d sin 0, where n is an integer representing the order of the interfer- ence, d is the spacing ... self-consistent molecular orbital method - the Hartree-Fock theory as it stands is too time consuming lor use in large systems. However it can be used in a paramctrised form and this is the basis...

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 14:50

... interface. adiabatic principle – perturbations produced in a system by altering slowly external conditions resulting, in general, in a change in the energy distribution in it, but leaving the phase integrals ... authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, ... term comes from Latin meaning ‘‘drawn toward’’. An adduct is a product of the direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all...

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 15:18

... from such worries, however: certain soils will expand and contract when moisture is added or taken away, and engineers must factor in such movement when considering where and how to lay a foundation. ...

Ngày tải lên: 07/06/2014, 11:44

... and choice d is not supported by the passage. 53. b. Ch in Shih Huang-ti abolished the aristocracy of feudalism, instead appointing officials to carry out his rules in all of China’s provinces. 54. ... Gutenberg Bible in 1455. Although his invention greatly in uenced printing in Europe, similar technologies were used earlier in China and Korea. Chinese printers used mov- able block prints and type ... is at the minimum. At the low point, the kinetic energy is maximized, and gravitational potential energy is minimized. The change of potential energy into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy into...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... among the most tame in any livestock raising regime, which is an interesting paradox considerin g the free-range pasturing that is involved. Farmers practising forest pasturing usually have no ... criti- cised by Swedish farmers (not only those using summer farms ) wishing to defend their animals. This resulted in a policy change in 2007 that legalised shooting wolves during an ongoing attack ... rationalising farms into larger-scale, specialist units. In comparison, in neighbouring Norway, where rural policies have sought to ma intain traditional farming to a greater exte nt than in Sweden,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... resulting cost due to receiving packets into the buffer is also higher (i.e., less profitable). Figure 11 shows the alloca- tion of link scheduling to the incoming links or the outgoing link, depending ... control. When both links are in the good state and the buffer level exceeds a certain level, there is a switch of transmission from the incoming link to the outgoing link. Horizontal axis: buffer level; ... to zero if the corresponding link is inactive. Here J (m) c , m = 1, 2, is naturally understood as the cost incurred by the individual links. Now we introduce the in nite horizon discounted cost function...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20