wet granulation in batch mode

... explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Wastewater purification : aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors / editor, Yu Liu p cm Includes bibliographical ... reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, ... concept of the minimal settling velocity that ultimately determines aerobic granulation in SBR This selection pressure theory offers useful guides for up-scaling, manipulating, and optimizing aerobic...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... aerobic granular sludge increased linearly with shear force in a sequencing batch biofilter reactor, and a very high biomass density of 70 to 110 g VSS L –1 biomass was obtained in the reactor (figure ... showing that aerobic granulation seems to be closely associated with an increase in cell hydrophobicity It can be seen in figure 2.12 that the sludge SVI decreased almost linearly with the increase ... density increased with the increase of the Cb /Ls ratio This implies that a certain detachment force that is balanced with the growth force is necessary in order to produce and maintain a compact...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... mediate both cohesion and adhesion of cells and play a crucial role in building and further maintaining structure integrity in a community of immobilized cells (see chapter 10) Figure 3.14 displays ... leading to improved bacterial attachment to solid surfaces (Schmidt and Ahring 1996) In fact, extracellular polysaccharides are the key bounding material that interconnects individual cells into ... points to the fact that in order to achieve a rapid aerobic granulation in SBR, SBR cycle time needs to be controlled at a relatively low level Pan et al (2004) initiated five column SBRs using...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... needed in order to obtain more detailed information 4.10 RATIONALE BEHIND SETTLING TIME-INITIATED AEROBIC GRANULATION Figure 4.3 shows that aerobic granules are dominant only when the settling time ... retained in the reactor, is only defined with a given L and settling time: (Vs )min L settling time (4.3) Only those bioparticles with a settling velocity greater than (Vs)min can be retained in the ... 2004 The minimum settling velocities were obtained from McSwain et al (2005) Data of sludge size are not available 10 minutes As shown in equation 4.3, the minimum settling velocity, (Vs)min can...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... different selection pressures in terms of minimum settling velocity of 0.6 and 0.7 m h–1 Even such a marginal difference in the minimum settling velocity could also result in distinct morphologies of ... with poor settleability would be washed out according to the minimum settling velocity: ( )min (5.2) in which ts is settling time and L is the traveling distance of the bioparticles above the discharge ... ratio in aerobic granulation in SBRs can be reasonably interpreted by the concept of minimum settling velocity, while the mechanism by which discharge time can influence aerobic granulation will...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... 2004b Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor Biochem Eng J 21: 47–52 Renko, E K 1998 Modelling hindered batch settling II A model for computing solids profile ... aerobic granulation in SBRs 6.4.4 FEEDING STRATEGY McSwain, Irvine, and Wilderer (2004) reported that intermittent feeding is an effective operating strategy for enhancing aerobic granulation in SBRs ... determine aerobic granulation in an SBR To develop a unified theory for aerobic granulation in SBRs, the role of discharge time in aerobic granulation should be taken into account seriously 6.5 MAIN...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... transfer in an aerobic granule-based sequencing batch reactor Biochem Eng J 25: 201–207 Su, K Z and Yu, H Q 2006 A generalized model for aerobic granule-based sequencing batch reactor I Model development ... highest substrate surface loading (24 g COD m–2) In fact, these are in good agreement with the Pirt maintenance theory, stating that more substrate will be used for maintenance purposes at lower ... regulate its metabolic pathway so as to maintain its structural integrity and stability through consuming nongrowth-associated energy According to Burkhead and McKinney (1969), the oxidative assimilation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... case where substrate is the limiting factor, as shown in figure 8.8 In addition, in modeling biofilm, substrate was regarded as the limiting substance without taking account of the oxygen (Picioreanu, ... properly controlled in order to maximize their metabolic activity According to Li and Liu (2005), the inflection points in figure 8.10a to d indeed represent a turning point from oxygen limitation ... evaluation of aerobic granules in a sequencing batch reactor J Biotechnol 105: 71–82 Laspidou, C S 2003 Modeling heterogeneous biofilms including active biomass, inert biomass and extracellular...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... attachment by facilitating and maintaining specific receptor-ligand interactions (Singleton, Masuoka, and Hazen 2001) Obviously, a sound understanding of the factors that may influence cell surface ... surface hydrophobicity results in a corresponding decrease in the Gibbs energy of the surface, which in turn promotes cell-to-cell interaction and further serves as an inducing force for cells to aggregate ... Through controlling feasting and fasting cycles by operating activated sludge systems in a plug flow or by feeding the sludge intermittently, Chesa, Irvine, and Manning (1985) found that such an operation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... obtained in aerobic granulation, showing that the specific gravity and mechanical strength of aerobic granules increased significantly with increase in the ratio of polysaccharides to proteins ... microcolonies present in aerobic granules (Jiang, Tay and Tay 2002; McSwain et al 2005) It is most likely that EPS plays an important role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of aerobic ... cells can assist in bacterium-to-bacterium self-aggregation by bridging bacterial cells, which induces the formation of initial microbial aggregates In fact, in the study of anaerobic granulation, ...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... (figure 11.11) These findings imply that the beta-linked PS are located mainly in the outer shell of the granule In fact, a similar distribution of beta-linked PS was also observed in anaerobic granules; ... indicating a limiting number of live bacteria in the core part of the aerobic granule Similar observation was also reported by Toh et al (2003) and McSwain et al.(2005) In the study by McSwain ... basically biodegradable In view of the total amount of PS determined in the aerobic granule, it appears that the alpha- or beta-linked PS may not be the dominate constitution of EPS in aerobic granules...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... aerobic granule (chapter 11) In fact, Toh et al (2003) investigated the viability of microflora residing inside aerobic granules using in situ DNA fluorescence staining, in which membrane permeable ... nonbiodegradable EPS in constructing and maintaining the spatial structure, integrity, and stability of aerobic granules Without doubt, the large fraction of biodegradable EPS in aerobic granules ... the minimum energy required for microbial maintenance functions during cell starvation Biodegradable EPS has been discovered in many forms of bacteria exploited for environmental engineering Zhang...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... crystal CaCO3 core is indeed not required for aerobic granulation In fact, increasing evidence shows that microbial granulation is a cell-to-cell self-immobilization process driven mainly by selection ... play a very minor role in the microbial granulation process, and aerobic as well as anaerobic granulation is indeed calcium independent (Mahoney et al 1987; Jiang et al 2003) This point is also ... microbial aggregation during UASB reactor start-up Water Sci Technol 19: 249–260 Qin, L., Liu, Y., and Tay, J H 2004 Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor Biochem...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... governing factor in aerobic granulation in the SBR As shown in chapter 9, cell surface hydrophobicity plays a crucial role in the formation of biofilm and biogranules In a thermodynamic sense, increased ... exist in the present literature 14.3 INFLUENCE OF SHORT STARVATION ON AEROBIC GRANULES To offer in- depth insights into the role of starvation in aerobic granulation, Z.-W Wang et al (2006) investigated ... Technological University, Singapore With permission.) 14.2.2 PERIODIC STARVATION IN THE SBR For aerobic granulation, the SBR is often run in a mode of filling, aeration, settling, and withdrawal of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Chemosphere 63: 1728–1735 Wang, Z.-W 2007 Insights into mechanism of aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor Ph.D thesis, ... 120 100 80 60 40 20 20 40 Operating Time (days) 60 FIGURE 15.27 Change in SVI during aerobic granulation in an SBR fed with a synthetic wastewater containing mainly sucrose, peptone, and beef ... aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) by seeding anaerobic granules Process Biochem 40: 5–11 Jenkins, D 1992 Towards a comprehensive model of activated-sludge bulking and foaming Water...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... aggregates can be defined as: (16.1) in which D is the mean size of the microbial aggregates, and t is operation time In the granulation phase, as shown in figure 16.1, integrating equation 16.1 ... growing organisms as a means for improving aerobic granular sludge stability Water Sci Technol 49: 9–17 Inizan, M., Freval, A., Cigana, J., and Meinhold, J 2005 Aerobic granulation in a sequencing ... shown in figure 16.1, the aerobic granulation process can be categorized in three phases, that is, the acclimation or lag phase, granulation, and maturation, indicated by a stable granule size in...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... and low influent COD of 400 mg L –1 This resulted in a granule surface loading rate of 8.7 g COD m–2 d–1 at the beginning of the study, as shown in figure 17.7 The granule surface loading rate ... SBR, and remained unchanged in the first days Afterwards, it gradually increased to a stable level of 6.0 g L –1 It should be pointed out that the pilot-scale SBR was initiated with an initial biomass ... aerobic granules in the laboratory-scale SBR remained stable throughout the whole study period, indicated by relatively constant granule size and SVI, and there was an increase in size during the first...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... also maintains his difference from the largely subordinate social groups in which these humanist and Protestant notions originated In particular, my argument in this 22 Defending Literature in Early ... in these terms as a period of increasing separation of social roles and institutions out of the pre-modern merger of economic, social and judicial power in the feudal lord In particular, during ... tip as well as on the sword point or in the purse Only the imagination imposes limits to this kind of opportunity.45 14 Defending Literature in Early Modern England In this new age of humanism,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/09/2012, 10:46

... Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World New Itineraries into the Sacred Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World New Itineraries into the Sacred Edited by Peter ... religiously inspired pattern of action or expectation, cf Margry and Caspers 1997: 15-16 45 46 SHRINES AND PILGRIMAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD 30 The somewhat declining interest in Princess Dianas grave in ... alternative shrines and pilgrimages that went with them 15 16 SHRINES AND PILGRIMAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD Research into change Eventually, due to the ecclesiastical innovations in the Western world in the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 09:20

... bovine serum (FBS, hyClone, Utah, USA) containing 100 UÆmL)1 penicillin/streptomycin and mM L-glutamine at 37 °C under 5% CO2 The JAr and Jeg3 cell lines (ATCC) were maintained in Dulbecco’s minimum ... scanning microscopy Immunofluorescence was performed on choriocarcinoma cells (24 h in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 1% glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin) and CHO cells (HAM’s F12 medium containing ... Cells were seeded in 6-well trays and incubated in F12K (BeWo) and DMEM (JAr and Jeg3) containing 10% lipoproteindeficient serum (open symbols) or in medium containing lipoproteindeficient serum...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 23:20