water use efficiency of c4 grasses

... for the enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) of C4 relative to C3 species, and some of the ecological consequences of these differences Of particular note, they ... oxygenase; WUE – Water use efficiency 3  Introduction This loss of natural grassland habitat threatens many of the native C4 species of the Earth through the destruction of their habitat Some C4 species ... Nitrogen Use Efficiency III Water Use Efficiency IV Conclusions References   120 122 122 123 129–146 129 130 131 138 143 143 Development of Leaves in C4 Plants: Anatomical Features That Support C4...

Ngày tải lên: 15/04/2015, 17:20

... effect) of climate change and of global warming in particular Indeed, since the Industrial Revolution the mean surface temperature of Earth has increased by an average of 28C with most of this ... (inclusive of G20 recovery talks) and to strengthen the policy of reducing climate change hazards – including the Copenhagen climate negotiations – instead Introduction 169 of using the excuse of the ... alone, or almost 16 per cent of the total amount of these packages China and the USA, the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, lead the way in absolute terms of resources to be spent,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:56

... climate change mitigation (CCM) since its inception, however, because of a perceived sense of greater urgency to slow the pace of emissions in response to Article obligations about avoiding dangerous ... impacts of climate change In recent years, CCA has become a key focus of the scientific and policy-making communities and is now a major area of discussion under the UNFCCC The Seventh Conference of ... stress recent emphasis of working with communities, either by addressing risk aspects of climate change (in the case of DRR) or increasing resilience through CBA (in the case of CCA) (Næss et al.,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:56

... can indeed be of scientific value However, for purposes of shaping expectations of hurricane behaviour on timescales of one to five years into the future, such studies are of little use if the signals ... because they tend to be active across the areas of science, policy and practice Here, we propose the use of boundary organizations specifically to link CCA and DRR while arguing that a variety of ... the needs and concerns of practitioners on the ground We have discussed two primary mechanisms to catalyse change in the fields of CCA and DRR These include an increased use of iterative risk management...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:56

... forthcoming in the near term Practically useful forecasts of landfall at timescales of one to five years will require the use of variables other than the number of storms in the basin 3.4 El Nino: ... time, even a perfect prediction of the number of landfalling hurricanes leaves a considerable amount of uncertainty about damage, due to the nonlinear impacts of storms of different hurricane intensities, ... has been devoted to developing statistical and dynamic models of hurricane activity with the goal of offering skilful predictions of landfall and thus impact The following section reviews this...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... doubling the estimates of onshore insured losses provided by the Insurance Services Of ce for Louisiana and Texas in the third quarter of 2008 (see Insurance Services Of ce, 2008) See www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Data_Storm ... development of robust carbon strategies and increase the likelihood of meeting the ambitious emissions reduction targets it helps to set The legal framework requires the discussion of CCC advice and of ... set of recommendations in October 2008, when it advocated a long-term emissions reduction objective for the UK of 80 per cent, relative to 1990, and the extension of the target to all greenhouse...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other land use changes These rising levels of greenhouse gases result in increases in surface air temperature, because the greenhouse gases in ... climate models (Stern, 2007) Examples are releases of methane due to melting of permafrost and a reduced uptake of carbon as a result of the weakening of natural carbons sinks, such as the Amazon forest3 ... likely to result in an intensified water cycle, which implies that existing regional patterns of scarcity and abundance of water are amplified, increasing the risk of ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... such as the location of a flood, flood depth and flow velocities of water, wind speeds, and frequency of occurrence of the hazard The portfolio of properties at risk component of the model can include ... probability of a certain loss being surpassed or geographical maps that show levels of risk (Bouwer et al., 2009; de Moel et al., 2009) Examples of users of catastrophe models are insurers who use them ... and relocation of property out of hazard-prone areas Investments in hazard prevention are usually undertaken by governments because of the public good characteristics of protection of infrastructure...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... vulnerability to disasters caused by climate change, for example, because of soil erosion and landslides resulting from more frequent and severe rains and floods The surface mass balance of the Greenland ... Re, are often the ‘last resort’ carriers of catastrophe risk Potential effects of climate change are likely to be passed on from reinsurance companies to primary insurers in the form of higher ... Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Burn, D H., 1999 Perceptions of flood risk: a case study of the Red River flood of 1997 Water Resources Research, 35(11) 3451–3458 Camerer, C., 1998 Bounded...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... water use by finding new sources of water and to buy back water entitlements from willing sellers (AUD3.1 billion) The main task is to acquire water licenses from willing sellers in order to use ... in terms of reconfiguration of water management systems, whereas the Opposition was more inclined towards framing the situation in favour of affected communities 3.2 Framing the cause of the event ... mentioned as one of the underlying causes, besides a general over-allocation of water and mismanagement of the river system According to their frame, the mismanagement was caused by the fact...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... form the mouth of the Murray River and are comprised of fresh to saline waters The Coorong’s fragile ecology depends on getting a mix of fresh water from the Murray River and sea water from the ... and is Australia’s biggest irrigator, which has long been accused of taking too much water, in doing so denying farmers downstream water (ABC, 24 February 2004, www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/ 2004/s1052459.htm) ... minister for climate change and water The Coorong Wetlands are one of the most important wetlands in Australia The wetland consists of ocean beach, the mouth of the Murray River, lakes and estuaries...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2012, 15:57

... several studies focused on the impacts of shrimp farming on the salinisation of the soil and contamination of ground water since it encroaches on agriculture and the use of freshwater for farming ... respondents) Water discharged without treatment (%) 32 100 82 70 45 44 89% of shrimp farms were operating without waste-treatment; 35% of farms used seed of poor quality; only 28% of farms used water ... Position Phu An North of Phu Vang Phu Da Middle of Phu Vang Vinh Ha South of Phu Vang Characteristics and major issues • Existence of resource use conflicts of interest • Most of farms are in tidal...

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2012, 10:15

... are a group of similar chemicals widely used to soften and increase the flexibility of plastic consumer products such as shower curtains, medical devices, upholstery, raincoats, and soft squeeze ... day) This is the range of exposures estimated for the more widely used phthalate, DEHP By comparison, a small drop of water weighs approximately 30,000 µg and a grain of table salt weighs approximately ... Human exposure to DIDP can occur during the manufacture of DIDP, during the manufacture of DIDP-containing products, during the use of Summary of Supporting Evidence As presented in the expert panel...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 10:20

... review of the state of the science regarding environmental and occupational causes of cancer, we conducted a review of the peer-reviewed literature, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL CAUSES OF CANCER: ... Identification of carcinogenic agents and primary prevention of cancer, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006; 1076:1-14 145 Doll R, Peto R The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable ... Biliary; Soft tissue sarcoma (angiosarcoma of the liver) Laryngeal Used widely in industry for the production of isopropanol, Lung ethanol; treatment of metals; and the manufacture of soaps,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 21:20

... the water supply, sewerage and drainage services industry 10 4.2.4 Effluent reuse The effluent reuse column shows the volume of water supplied for subsequent reuse The majority of reuse water ... for the exchange of water Volume of water supplied for subsequent reuse, the majority is suppled by the sewerage sector of the Water industry as well as a range of industrial users In the supply ... coding of water usage can be derived All respondents Identify the volume of water extracted by the water supplier but is not used by water consumers Urban and rural water To categorise water usage...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20

... there is no evidence of environmental causes of cancer because they not investigate possible environmental causes of cancer In general, Walker accuses those (who say cancer is caused mainly by genetics ... for proof of harm, or whether the current standards ought to be maintained These current standards place the burden of proof on the potential victim In the case of cancer, for example, it often ... Lashoff et al., Health and Life Sciences Division of the U.S Office of Technology Assessment, Assessment of Technologies for Determining Cancer Risks from the Environment, Washington D.C., Office...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20

... available on the potential of other types of intervention, including the use of cleaner fuels, particularly for poor rural communities A study of patterns of fuel use in households following electrification ... is responsible for over 80% of cases of chronic bronchitis, i.e inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, and for most cases of emphysema (overinflation of the air sacs in the lungs) ... Cataract Pollution attributable to the use of biomass fuel causes eye irritation (17) and may cause cataract In a hospital-based case-control study in Delhi the use of liquefied petroleum gas was associated...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... as a consequence of their numbers increasing to the detriment of lighter vehicles The latter saw their emissions decrease because of this shift and partly because their share of the market decreased ... limited, because of the smaller scale of the scheme (e.g in comparison to Germany), the lower expected remaining vehicle kilometres of travel of the scrapped fleet (higher share of very old cars) ... Collecting odometer readings of the retired vehicles would provide some indication of the usefulness of the incentive in scrapping a high-emitting car that is still being used regularly Performing...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 04:20

... Transcripts of this gene and PrPC are present in a large variety of adult peripheral tissues [18–20] In contrast, there is a paucity of data on the spatiotemporal expression of prion proteins and that of ... signal was detected by dpf in enterocytes of the posterior part of the intestine (Fig 5M,Q,R) This last finding should be of interest because in terms of function, the fish intestine is highly regionalized ... importance of the intestinal barrier in the process of oral prion infection, this finding might help clarify the entry and routing of PrPSc in the early steps of infection Our observations of a prp2...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20