vomiting diarrhea and constipation

... surveys put prevalence rates for chronic diarrhea at 2–7% and for chronic constipation at 12– 19%, with women being affected twice as often as men Diarrhea and constipation are among the most common ... patient complaints faced by internists and primary care physicians, and they account for nearly 50% of referrals to gastroenterologists Although diarrhea and constipation may present as mere nuisance ... management of diarrhea and constipation, so that rational and cost-effective care can be delivered NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY While the primary function of the small intestine is the digestion and assimilation...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... contents and is most often caused by neuromuscular disorders or structural anorectal problems Diarrhea and urgency, especially if severe, may aggravate or cause incontinence Pseudodiarrhea and fecal ... distinguished from diarrhea, as diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms differ Pseudodiarrhea, or the frequent passage of small volumes of stool, is often associated with rectal urgency and accompanies ... rates comparable to or higher than that of chronic diarrhea and should always be considered in patients complaining of "diarrhea. " Overflow diarrhea may occur in nursing home patients due to...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 4th ed Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003; and DR Syndman, in SL Gorbach (ed): Infectious Diarrhea London, Blackwell, 1986 Finally, infectious diarrhea ... urethritis, and conjunctivitis) may accompany or follow infections by Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, and Yersinia Yersiniosis may also lead to an autoimmune-type thyroiditis, pericarditis, and ... inflammation Rotaviru s and Norwalk d agent 1–3 1– 3+ 2–3+ –4+ 1– 3+, watery Variable inflammation Salmone lla, 12 h–11 d 0– 2–4+ 3+ –4+ 1– 4+, Campylobacter, watery or and bloody Aeromonas species,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... exacerbated or prolonged by them Bismuth subsalicylate may reduce symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea but should not be used to treat immunocompromised patients or those with renal impairment ... encephalopathy Judicious use of antibiotics is appropriate in selected instances of acute diarrhea and may reduce its severity and duration (Fig 40-2) Many physicians treat moderately to severely ill patients ... antibiotics and dosage regimens are otherwise dictated by specific pathogens, geographic patterns of resistance, and conditions found (Chaps 122, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, and 152) Antibiotic...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... the small intestine and colon are part of the autonomic nervous system and also modulate motor and secretory functions The parasympathetic nerves convey visceral sensory and excitatory pathways ... modulates motor functions and reaches the small intestine and colon alongside their arterial vessels Sympathetic input to the gut is generally excitatory to sphincters and inhibitory to nonsphincteric ... root ganglion, and enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Afferent signals are conveyed to the brain along the lateral spinothalamic tract and the nociceptive dorsal column pathway and are then...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... species and Yersinia infections and should avoid raw fish Daycare attendees and their family members Infections with Shigella, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, and other agents are very common and ... bacteria, and enteroadherent pathogens Diarrhea associated with marked vomiting and minimal or no fever may occur abruptly within a few hours after ingestion of the former two types; vomiting ... severe and protracted diarrheal illness, and, particularly in persons with AIDS, opportunistic infections, such as by Mycobacterium species, certain viruses (cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and herpes...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... evaluate acute diarrhea depends on its severity and duration and on various host factors (Fig 40-2) Most episodes of acute diarrhea are mild and self-limited and not justify the cost and potential ... amanita and other mushrooms, arsenic, and preformed environmental toxins in seafood, such as ciguatera and scombroid Conditions causing chronic diarrhea can also be confused with acute diarrhea ... (IBD) and some of the other inflammatory chronic diarrheas that may have an abrupt rather than insidious onset and exhibit features that mimic infection APPROACH TO THE PATIENT: ACUTE DIARRHEA...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... ingestion of drugs and toxins are the most common secretory causes of chronic diarrhea Hundreds of prescription and overthe-counter medications (see "Other Causes of Acute Diarrhea, " above) may ... dyspnea, and right-sided valvular heart disease Diarrhea is due to the release into the circulation of potent intestinal secretagogues including serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, and various ... may lead to chronic rather than acute forms of diarrhea Certain bacterial infections may occasionally persist and be associated with a secretorytype diarrhea Bowel Resection, Mucosal Disease, or...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... gluten-sensitive enteropathy affects all ages and is characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia in the proximal small bowel and can present with fatty diarrhea associated with multiple nutritional ... associated with arthralgias, fever, lymphadenopathy, and extreme fatigue and may affect the central nervous system and endocardium A similar clinical and histologic picture results from Mycobacterium ... greasy, foul-smelling, difficult-to-flush diarrhea often associated with weight loss and nutritional deficiencies due to concomitant malabsorption of amino acids and vitamins Increased fecal output...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... include Crohn's disease and chronic ulcerative colitis, are among the most common organic causes of chronic diarrhea in adults and range in severity from mild to fulminant and life-threatening They ... cholangitis), and skin lesions (erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum) Microscopic colitis, including both lymphocytic and collagenous colitis, is an increasingly recognized cause of chronic watery diarrhea, ... Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency may lead to prolonged infectious diarrhea With common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, diarrhea is particularly prevalent and often the result of giardiasis Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... APPROACH TO THE PATIENT: CHRONIC DIARRHEA The laboratory tools available to evaluate the very common problem of chronic diarrhea are extensive, and many are costly and invasive As such, the diagnostic ... (Table 40-4), and routine blood studies should attempt to characterize the mechanism of diarrhea, identify diagnostically helpful associations, and assess the patient's fluid/electrolyte and nutritional ... about the onset, duration, pattern, aggravating (especially diet) and relieving factors, and stool characteristics of their diarrhea The presence or absence of fecal incontinence, fever, weight...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... be reassured and, as indicated, treated empirically with antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, bulk agents, anxiolytics, or antidepressants Any patient who presents with chronic diarrhea and hematochezia ... gastrin, VIP, calcitonin, and thyroid hormone/thyroidstimulating hormone, or urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and histamine) Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy with biopsies and small-bowel barium ... colonoscopy with biopsies, and, if indicated, small-bowel contrast studies CHRONIC DIARRHEA: TREATMENT Treatment of chronic diarrhea depends on the specific etiology and may be curative, suppressive,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... and result in inactivity or physical immobility Table 40-5 Causes of Constipation in Adults Types of Constipation Examples and Causes Recent onset Colonic obstruction Neoplasm; stricture: ischemic, ... of fear of pain from anal irritation; and some adults habitually ignore or delay the call to have a bowel movement Causes Pathophysiologically, chronic constipation generally results from inadequate ... gastrointestinal tract (Table 40-5) Constipation of recent onset may be a symptom of significant organic disease such as tumor or stricture In idiopathic constipation, a subset of patients exhibit...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... patient with isolated constipation, since it is less costly and identifies colonic dilatation and all significant mucosal lesions or strictures that are likely to present with constipation Melanosis ... impaction and most of the important diseases that present with constipation and possibly indicate features suggesting an evacuation disorder ... calcium, potassium, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels will identify rare patients with metabolic disorders Patients with more troublesome constipation may not respond to fiber alone and may be helped...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... proctography MRI is being developed as an alternative and provides more information about the structure and function of the pelvic floor, distal colorectum, and anal sphincters Dynamic imaging studies ... scintigraphic expulsion of artificial stool help measure perineal descent and the rectoanal angle during rest, squeezing, and straining, and scintigraphic expulsion quantitates the amount of "artificial ... nerve by chronic, longstanding straining Constipation is common among patients with spinal cord injuries, neurologic diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic neuropathy...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... lubiprostone, and bisacodyl Newer treatment aimed at enhancing motility and secretion may have application in circumstances such as constipation- predominant IBS in females or severe constipation ... (evacuation and transit/motility) disorder should pursue pelvic floor retraining (biofeedback and muscle relaxation), psychological counseling, and dietetic advice first, followed by colectomy and ileorectosomy ... concepts in the evaluation, diagnosis and management of acute infectious diarrhea Curr Opin Pharmacol 5:559, 2005 [PMID: 16207535] Lembo A, Camilleri M: Chronic constipation N Engl J Med 349:1360,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 20/07/2015, 23:43

... cattle and pigs with diarrhea in Hanoi and surrounding areas, Vietnam 3.2 Genotyping of C perfringens the toxicity of C perfringens isolates and the correlation between diarrhea in animals and the ... Frey, M.R Popoff, and J.F van den Bosch (1999) Detection of the β2 toxin gene of Clostridium perfringens in diarrhoeic piglets in The Netherlands and Switzerland FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology ... perfringens isolates from cattle and pigs with and without Prevalence of C perfringens isolated from fecal samples were shown in Table diarrhea were 85.33%, 86.67%, 82.89%, and 66.67%, respectively Table...

Ngày tải lên: 29/08/2013, 08:14

... operative nausea vomiting, type and duration of surgery, the use of opioid during surgery, the requirements of postoperative analgesia and antiemetic drug The VAS, episode of vomiting and side effect ... in prevention nausea and vomiting Phillip et al(3) found that ginger was effective in preventing post operative nausea and vomiting Despite lower ginger powder use of gm and much shorter duration ... (0-10) 0.30 (0-7.3) vomiting center These mechanisms presented clinically as nausea and vomiting( 4,23).Multiple predisposing factors associated with postoperative nausea vomiting included female...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 11:20

... CURES FOR CONSTIPATION: "FEARFULLY AND WONDERFULLY MADE" 71 * CHAPTER X BILIOUSNESS AND BILIOUS ATTACKS 78 * CHAPTER XI KING LIVER AND BILE-BOUNCERS 83 * CHAPTER XII SEMI -CONSTIPATION AND ITS DANGERS ... turn chiefly responsible for chronic constipation, chronic diarrhea, auto-infection; and hence for mal-assimilation, mal-nutrition, anemia; and for a thousand and one reflex functional derangements ... blood and circulate through every tissue of the body All cases of proctitis are more or less accompanied by constipation and diarrhea In all cases of chronic constipation I have found proctitis, and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 02:20