variation in impedance of zebrafish embryos by explicit force feedback control
Micromechanical properties and domain structures of PZN PT piezoelectric single crystals
... domain orientation in the crystals remains unclear To gain insight into fundamental understanding of the mechanical properties of PZN-PT single crystals, the main purpose of this study is to investigate ... with indentation force during loading, and reversed sign during unloading The absolute values of the intensity were higher during loading than that during unloading, indicating that depolarization ... function of particle size of the polishing medium Fig 2.1 (a) Loading/unloading procedure represented by indentation load as a function of time (b) Schematic drawing of the CSM technique A harmonic force...
Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 15:48
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 1
... evolution of the bulk single crystals upon heating Of particular focus in this work is the determination of micro- and nanotwin domains in the bulk PZN-PT single crystals by means of high-resolution ... are explained by the soft elastic constants of R structure which inherently infers a large piezoelectric distortion, resulting in a strained or distorted R phase (instead of the M phases) In the ... predominantly of {110}-type tetragonal micro/nanotwins which behave in a coordinated manner upon heating The fine details viii of the rhombohedral and tetragonal micro/nanotwin domains in PZN-PT single...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 2
... shoulder extending from the main (002)R peak, its intensity typically decreasing continuously with decreasing 2θ value in the mapping; (2) in addition to the extended spreading in the ω = 0° plane, ... saddle point in the mapping except that the said saddle point remains not well-defined in the mapping in Figure 5.3(b) Lastly, should it represent a new phase, then (4) there is a wide spread in its ... in as-polished PZN-4.5%PT single crystal plates By varying the depth of focus with the turning knob of PLM, the top layer was found to be about 20-40 µm thick, which had elongated domains lying...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 3
... regions of slight birefringence when the polishing direction was uncoordinated (d) This polishing-induced surface layer was fairly resistant to annealing but could be largely eliminated by poling ... consisted of highly distorted R phase owing to the soft elastic constants of R The distorted R phases are microscopic in size, of a wide range of lattice parameters and are stressed in intense ... overpoling phenomenon as a result of E-field induced phase transformation in relaxor single crystals [1, 16, 90, 91] A different result was obtained when poling was applied on annealed samples instead...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 4
... tilted by an angle of 45° and again polished back and forth in the new direction After the second polishing, the earlier set of domains disappeared and was replaced by a new set of elongated domains ... in the x-ray profile following any direction of polishing, suggesting that the surface phase is always present regardless of the direction and/or mode of polishing This behavior can be explained ... repolishing in the [110]pc direction Arrows indicate the direction of polishing Note the realignment from (a) to (b) (c) The domain patterns in the underlying material revealed by the focusing technique...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 5
... position is determined by the lever rule according to the intensity of respective parent diffractions which, in turn, is determined by the volume fractions of respective nanotwins in the material ... {110}-type T twin planes are indicated by white dashed line in (c) The intensity contours are on log scale 91 twin components [43-45] Using these findings, the detailed configuration of the {110}-type ... To explain how domain size may affect the (002) diffraction profiles, we begin with diffractions arising from untilted T microdomains By microscale domains, we mean here coarse domains of which...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 6
... is represented by circles of half-intensity contours Since the R phase of PZN-PT is elastically soft, individual variant diffractions broaden as a result of residual stresses arising from the crystal ... the type of the R nanotwin domains For instance, diffractions streaking along pc crystal direction indicate the presence of {100}-type R nanotwins (Figure 7.3); while those streaking along ... The projection of the coexistence of R micro- and nanotwins onto (002) RSM 112 coexistence of R micro- and nanotwin domains on (002) RSM 7.3 Evidence of rhombohedral micro/nanotwins in PZN-4.5%PT...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 7
... indicated by the red solid lines The {110}R//{110}T interface are indicated the by blue solid lines Note that the Tσ phase is metastable in this case, stabilized by the residual stress in the crystal ... slant {110}R//{110}T interface, the constraints produced by the neighbouring R phase in the crystal is removed by fracturing, causing the Tσ phase to transformed to the R phase in the surface layer ... relaxed via twinning of both the untransformed T and the transformed R phases Thus, at room condition, the mixture of R and T micro- and/or nanotwins may coexist in PZN-PT single crystals of PT contents...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 8
... of (001)T twin diffractions in as-grown PZN-6%PT single crystal may be due to the higher residual stress and/or the presence of a much higher portion of T nanotwin domains in this crystal ... more readily seen in the 1/ε’ versus temperature plot As shown in the inset of Figure 8.9(a), the value of 1/ε’ showed a steeper drop at about 90 °C In addition, a clear anomaly in ε’ (and a steplike ... (Figure 8.10g) It is interesting to note from Figures 8.10(g)-(h) that the emergence of the C phase caused the diffractions of the T phase to become increasingly tilted out of the ω = 0° plane...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 9
... of the R diffraction out of the ω = 0° plane indicates that both crystals existed in a strained state as the result of poling induced stresses This finding is supported by the work Liu and Lynch ... in a strained state after poling This result shows that, on being optimally poled, PZN-(4.5-8)%PT single crystals remain in the R state but possess a higher residual strain The effect of poling ... nanotwin diffractions (i.e., the constructive interference peak of the streaked nanotwin peaks) of the {110}-type R nanotwins if the diffraction is of considerably smaller FWHM and lies in the...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 10
... on comparing to the unpoled samples of broad R phase The strained state of the poled crystals is the result of poling induced stresses in the crystals 177 (f) In the event of PP-ZFH in PZN-(4.5-7)%PT, ... clear signs of hysteresis on cooling to room temperature Above this temperature, the area of the dielectric hysteresis increases with increasing heating temperature The heating and cooling rate ... electromechanical properties begins [c] [d] Determined from the thermal current density data of [001]-poled crystals Determined by means of HR- XRD results 176 9.5 Summary of main observations (a) A revised...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 11
... studies of the engineered monoclinic crystal domains in single crystal relaxor ferroelectric, J Appl Phys., 87, p 8159-8164 2000 70 Yin, J and W Cao Domain configurations in domain engineered ... in PZN(6-8)%PT crystals, which are shadowed by the R domains upon fracturing (b) To investigate the effects of temperature and E-field on the R and T micro- and nanotwin domains in relaxor single ... presence of (R+T) micro- and nanotwin domains is believed to play a role in the superior piezoelectricity of relaxor ferroelectric single crystals In order to provide a better understanding of the...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:40
A comparative study of discourse structures and some major linguistic features of international declarations and international conventions on human rights part 2
... STRUCTURE AND SOME MAJOR LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION 4.1 Definition of an International Convention ... SOME MAJOR LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 3.1 Definition of an International Declaration 10 3.2 Purposes and typical legal characteristics of the International ... 3.3.2.2 Remarks 14 a, Use of Grammar 14 a1 Modality 14 a2 Use of Active / Passive voices 14 a3 Sentence order 15 a4 Length of sentences 15 a5 Kinds of sentences 16 b Use of vocabulary 17 b1 Archaic...
Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:17
A comparative study of discourse structures and some major linguistic features of international declarations and international conventions on human rights part 3
... remainder of the sentence or utterance is known as the Rheme Thematization is the process of giving prominence to certain elements in a sentence or utterance by placing them at the beginning of ... longer in dictionary use, though retained for special purposes This type of words often appear in the works of formal style in general, in legal documents in particular Therein; hereby; thereof, ... Elimination of Violence against Women) 3.3.3 The Ending 3.3.3.1 The Ending of the Declaration and its realization The Ending of a Declaration, like ending of any text, represents the points of...
Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:17
A comparative study of discourse structures and some major linguistic features of international declarations and international conventions on human rights part 4
... freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of ... Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the ... is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him Article...
Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:17
Time-Domain Analysis and z Transform
... u(n) Instead of finding the inverse z transform of the second term by using the complex integral given in (2.9), we resort to the same approach as used in solving differential equations by means of ... given in (2.9) is obtained by an integration in the complex z plane, and this integration in the z plane is beyond the scope of this book We prefer to consider signals that are of interest in digital ... sequence x(−n) is obtained by reversing the sequence of time, which can be done only by storing the samples of x(n) and generating the sequence x(−n) by reversing the order of the sequence If a...
Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 21:20
reported speech English 9 ( structures and ẻcises )
... ) - independent ( adj ) 6.OFFICE ( N ) - officer ( n ) - official ( adj ) 7.INDUSTRY ( N ) - industrial ( adj ) 8.INTEREST ( V ) - interesting ( adj ) - be interested in 9.DIVIDE ( V ) - division ... their cars by (2) charges of parking and bringing in tougher fines for anyone who (3) the law In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the ... pricing”, is already being introduced in a (5) of cities, using a special electronic card fixed to the windscreen of the car Another way of (6) with the problem is to provide cheap parking...
Ngày tải lên: 10/10/2013, 18:11