variables parameters return values and expressions

... comments and processing instructions are interspersed within ’s children, comments() and processingInstructions() ignore the other children, and return a clean list of the comments and processing ... search the Japanese-to-English // dictionary and return the results, but we'll just return a // hard-coded list of results as a proof-of-concept: return ["English Word 1", "English Word 2", "etc"]; ... Applied Namespace Examples | 347 // dictionary and return the results, but we'll just return a // hard-coded list of results as a proof-of-concept: return ["Japanese Word 1", "Japanese Word 2",...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... (registering and and studying analytics and user input Those learnings providing data), on social should be used to optimize existing content and influence media (championing a future creation And your ... means of illuminating your living room Smart brands understand this Smart brands also understand that a good content strategy is about consistency and service Search authority—organic search authority—is ... we are able, thanks to our handy-dandy algorithm, to understand the business value of different pieces of content to the brands we serve For example, we can understand what content on a site is...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 15:20

... interpreting, and understanding basic health information and services and using such information and services in ways that are health enhancing Understanding preventive physical and mental health ... diseases and health conditions 2.1.6.C.3 Compare and contrast common mental illnesses (such as depression, anxiety and panic disorders, and phobias) and ways to detect and treat them The prevention and ... organizations and agencies Revised Standards The Comprehensive Health and Physical Education Standards provide the foundation for creating local curricula and meaningful assessments Revisions to the standards...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

... digital magazines, and eNewsletters and manage huge amounts of data relating to current and future customers both simply and inexpensively In fact, with focus, creativity, and a little outside ... worldwide (and in Starbucks) When Blendtec decided to go after a larger share of the residential and commercial market, did it sit back and wait for the media to take notice? No! It went out and launched ... have to be a big, powerful brand with a huge budget and global reach to incorporate these strategies In fact, startups, small- and medium-size companies, associations, and non-profit groups are...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... descriptor To represent and compare the query and a target object movie in the database using the dense and condensed descriptors, there are four possible cases: (i) both the query and the target using ... We take the condensed descriptor for Q and dense descriptor for O Then, Q and O can be represented as {RQ }k=1 and i i Q {F O }n=1 , respectively, where Ri and F O are image features j j j mentioned ... randomly chooses a target from database, and let G be the class of the target (2) The system randomly chooses an object from the class G as the initial query object (3) Execute query process and...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... The Omitted Variables Problem Assumptions about the Unobserved E¤ects and Explanatory Variables 10.2.1 Random or Fixed E¤ects? 10.2.2 Strict Exogeneity Assumptions on the Explanatory Variables ... semiparametric and nonparametric methods are available in Volume of the Handbook of Econometrics—see Powell (1994) and Hardle and Linton (1994)—as well as in ¨ Volume 11 of the Handbook of Statistics—see ... Restrictions 11.1.2 Models with Strictly and Sequentially Exogenous Explanatory Variables 11.1.3 Models with Contemporaneous Correlation between Some Explanatory Variables and the Idiosyncratic Error 11.1.4...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... data, researchers set values of the explanatory variables and then observe values of the response variable Unfortunately, true experiments are quite rare in economics, and in any case nothing ... indexing cross section units, such as individual, firm, city, and so on Letters such as j, g, and h will be used to index variables, parameters, and equations Before ending this example, we note that ... Þ ¼ and Varðui Þ ¼ s ’’ is vacuous in a random sampling context Viewing the xi as random draws along with yi forces us to think about the relationship between the error and the explanatory variables...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... x2 , x1 x2 has zero mean and is uncorrelated with x1 and x2 ) d Why is equation (2.47) generally more useful than equation (2.48)? 2.4 For random scalars u and v and a random vector x, suppose ... can contain discrete and continuous variables, as well as variables that have both characteristics In many cases y and the xj are nonlinear functions of some underlying variables that are initially ... Definition and Examples Let y be a random variable, which we refer to in this section as the explained variable, and let x ðx1 ; x2 ; ; xK Þ be a  K random vector of explanatory variables...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... eval^N and y Because these mean values are trapped beuated at mean values between y ^ tween yN and y, they converge in probability to y Therefore, by Slutsky’s theorem, p € N ! CðyÞ, and we can ... ð1Þ (fxN g is big oh p one) If cN is a nonrandom sequence, then cN ¼ Op ð1Þ if and only if cN ¼ Oð1Þ; cN ¼ op ð1Þ if and only if cN ¼ oð1Þ A simple, and very useful, fact is that if a sequence ... Op ð1Þ and op ð1Þ Á op ð1Þ ¼ op ð1Þ All of the previous definitions apply element by element to sequences of random vectors or matrices For example, if fxN g is a sequence of random K Â random...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... (4.29) (except ability, of course) Find y1 and its ^ standard error; find y2 and its standard error when Deduc ¼ 4.2 a Show that, under random sampling and the zero conditional mean as^ sumption ... things, including omitted variables and measurement error (we will see some examples shortly) The parameters bj hopefully correspond to the parameters of interest, that is, the parameters in an underlying ... bj and mj b Rewrite the regression function so that a1 and a2 appear directly (Note that m1 and m2 will also appear.) c Given a random sample, what regression would you run to estimate a1 and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... equation with experience and its square, a black indicator, southern and urban indicators, and regional and urban indicators for 1966, the instrumental variables estimate of the return to schooling ... uncorrelated with all explanatory variables in equation (5.6), and so OLS consistently estimates the reduced form parameters, the aj and l1 Estimates of the reduced form parameters are sometimes of ... Include among the explanatory variables exper, tenure, educ, married, south, urban, and black First use IQ as q1 and then KWW Include in the zh the variables meduc, feduc, and sibs Discuss the results...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... that educ and u1 may be correlated The instruments for educ are parents’ education and husband’s education So, we first regress educ on 1, exper, exper , motheduc, fatheduc, and huseduc and obtain ... residuals, ^ ^1 and ^2 , from the OLS regressions motheduc on 1, exper, exper , and ed uc and r r ^uc, where ed uc are the first-stage fitted values ^ fatheduc on 1, exper, exper , and ed from the ... and protein is a measure of protein intake per day Assume here that exper, exper , and educ are all exogenous The variables calories and protein are possibly correlated with u1 (see Strauss and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... between males and females in both earnings and benefits But what about between whites and nonwhites, and married and unmarried people? The F-type statistic for joint significance of married and white ... SOLS.1 and SOLS.2, and therefore under Assumptions SGLS.1 and SOLS.2 (In what follows, we assume that PN Assumptions SOLS.2 and SGLS.2 both hold.) By the WLLN, plimðN À1 i¼1 ui ui0 Þ ¼ W, and so ... with G fixed and N tending to infinity In the household demand example, we are interested in a set of three demand functions, and the unit of obser- Estimating Systems of Equations by OLS and GLS 145...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... on the parameters, these equations can be solved uniquely for ðh; wÞ as functions of z1 , z2 , u1 , u2 , and the parameters; we consider this topic generally in Chapter Further, if z1 and z2 ... two-equation SUR system but where xi1 and xi2 can contain endogenous as well as exogenous variables Because xi1 and xi2 are generally correlated with ui1 and ui2 , estimation of these equations ... change across g, and sgh ¼ Covðug ; uh Þ can di¤er across g and h The system homoskedasticity assumption (8.37) necessarily holds when the instruments Zi are treated as nonrandom and Varðu i Þ is...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... , and the parameters And there is no way to define y1 and y2 to yield a linear SEM in two endogenous variables The model is still linear in parameters, but Eðcrime j zÞ, E½logðspendingÞ j zŠ, and ... labor supply and labor demand functions We assume that observed hours, h, and observed wage, w, equate supply and demand: Simultaneous Equations Models 213 h ¼ h s ðwÞ ¼ h d ðwÞ The variables in ... to estimate d10 , g12 , g13 , and d11 : (1) Regress open on 1, logð pcincÞ and logðlandÞ, and obtain the fitted values, o^en (2) Regress inf on 1, o^en, ðo^enÞ , and logð pcincÞ Compare the results...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... ð10:11Þ where x it is  K and can contain observable variables that change across t but not i, variables that change across i but not t, and variables that change across i and t In addition to unobserved ... r and variance su , 0 2 then W ¼ Eðui ui Þ þ sc jT jT depends in a known way on only three parameters, su , sc , and r These parameters can be estimated after initial pooled OLS estimation, and ... À:5, which is implied by the standard random and fixed e¤ects assumption that the uit are serially uncorrelated An alternative to computing robust standard errors and test statistics is to use...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... explanatory variables and some unobservable, time-constant variables: 318 Chapter 11 yit ¼ zit þ xit b þ uit ; t ¼ 1; 2; ; T ð11:43Þ where zit is  J, is J  1, xit is  K, and b is K  The standard ... estimating a and b; see also Lemieux (1998) 11.3 11.3.1 GMM Approaches to Linear Unobserved E¤ects Models Equivalence between 3SLS and Standard Panel Data Estimators Random e¤ects, fixed e¤ects, and first ... (10.35) and (10.37), to obtain sc and su , which can then be used to obtain ^ in equation (10.77) Then, perform quasi–time demeaning on all the dependent l variables, explanatory variables, and IVs,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... parts: a set of endogenous variables, y, and conditioning variables, x Rarely we wish to specify the distribution of x, and so the expected values needed to obtain Ao and Bo are not available We ... the values of yo , and decide on a sample size, N We then draw a random sample of size N from this distribution and use the sample to obtain an estimate of yo We draw a new random sample and ... for example, Davidson and MacKinnon (1993), Bera and McKenzie (1986), Orme (1990), and Chesher and Spady (1991) PN ~ ~ The Hessian form of the LM statistic uses M ¼ i¼1 Hi , and it has a few drawbacks:...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... i , and not just one of many candidates It will be useful to let X H RK denote the possible values for x i and Y denote the possible values of yi ; X and Y are called the supports of the random ... conditioning variables z t , lags of these, and lagged values of y The vector y consists of all parameters appearing in ft for any t; some or all of these may appear in the density for every t, and some ... interested in estimating parameters in conditional distributions Therefore, we assume that each random draw is partitioned as ðx i ; yi Þ, where x i A RK and yi A RG , and we are interested in...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... a linear demand and supply system for G attributes of a good or service (see Epple, 1987; Kahn and Lang, 1988; and Wooldridge, 1996) The demand and supply system is written as demandg ¼ h1g þ ... i2 , and x i3 The properties of u i1 and u i2 are more subtle It is clear that these cannot be uncorrelated with q i , and so equations (14.45) and (14.46) contain endogenous explanatory variables ... struc- Generalized Method of Moments and Minimum Distance Estimation 433 tural demand and supply functions, we can use these as instruments in both the demand and supply equations Specifically, we...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20