using a problem solving plan

... contain a considerable amount of knowledge [in the AI sense) relating grammatical features to extra-lingulstic factors ADVANTAGES The backward chaining approach outlined here has several advantages ... [Mann/Halliday) [Kress, 1976J [Halliday & Hasan, 1976) [Winograd, 1983J, a n d contains about six hundred grammatical features Fragments of grammar usually appear in the linguistic literature as ... solver can thus use a systemic grammar as part of its knowledge base, and solve grammatical problems in exactly the same way as it solves medical problems using medical knowledge, or chemistry problems...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... examples are car rentals and car insurance, We have a good idea how exogenous income heterogeneity can be incorporated in the analysis (e.g., Salanie, 2003) August 18, 2007 Time: 11:22am chapter14.tex ... future analysis August 18, 2007 Time: 11:22am chapter14.tex C H A P T E R 14 Optimum Taxation in Pooling Equilibria 14.1 Introduction We have argued that annuity markets are characterized by asymmetric ... (14.10) For general analyses of pooling equilibria see, for example, Laffont and Martimort (2002) and Salanie (1997) As before, we assume that only linear price policies are feasible August 18, 2007...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... annuities As figures 9.1 (a) and (b) clearly display, at all ages annuitants, whether males or females, have higher survival rates than the population average rates (table 9A. 1 in the appendix provides ... underlying data) Adverse selection seems somewhat smaller among females, perhaps because of the smaller variance in female survival rates across different occupations and educational groups Adverse ... survival rates for males and females born in 1935, distinguishing between the overall population average rates and the rates applicable to annuitants, that is, those who purchase private annuities...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... return, say, on the medical plan that an individual has), then competition could attain the first best With many suppliers of medical care and the multitude of factors affecting survival that are subject ... that is “too low” can be increased by a larger a( M) August 20, 2007 Time: 05:40pm chapter05.tex CHAPTER Comparative Statics, Discounting, Partial Annuitization, and No Annuities 5.1 Increase ... distributes the market returns annually among the surviving members of each age cohort 5.4 Partial Annuitization: No Short-Term Annuity Market Many practical questions about annuitization are concerned...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... survival Most loans to individuals are, at least partially, backed by nonannuitized assets (collateral), but some can be regarded as negative annuities For example, credit card debts have a high ... parametric effects on survival rates is that a change in α affects mainly medium ages, while a change in T affects largely older ages Note also that, for (3.1), an increase in α raises the hazard ... private annuities are purchased at advanced ages It is demonstrated in this chapter that allowing for uninsurable income uncertainty leads to a sequential annuity market equilibrium with an active...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... effects and, 3–4; insurance, 82 (see also insurance); low returns and, 35; medical prices and, 54; no late transactions and, 138–40; partial annuitization and, 33–34; replacement rates and, 2–3; ... McFadden 2003 Individual subjective survival curves Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 9480, January Gardner, J., and M Wadsworth 2004 Who would buy an annuity? An ... National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 11963, January Davidoff, T., J R Brown, and P A Diamond 2005 Annuities and individual welfare American Economic Review 95(5):1573–1590 Deaton, A. ,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... N P., Karathanasis, H C., Papachiou, P N., Samartzis, M K., Vavalis, E A , Wang, K Y., and Weerawarana, S 1990 Ellpack: A numerical simulation programming environment for parallel MIMD machines ... selected parallel architectures • information about the availability of the foreign solver libraries that are available at the site This information is specified at installation time and loaded in at ... is available as a standard part of the PELLPACK system WEB PELLPACK Web PELLPACK [52] is an instance of the PELLPACK system that has been made available for public use via the World Wide Web at...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 04:20

... +Ax(VxB)+Bx(VxA) V (fA)= fV A+ (A - V)f V * (A x B)= B (V x A) -A -(V x B) v x (A x B) = A( V B) - B(V - A) +(B V )A- (A - V)B Vx(fA)= VfxA+fVxA (V x A) x A = (A V )A - 'V (A A) Vx (Vx A) = V(V - A) - V A INTEGRAL ... line charge near plane, 97 induced by point charge near plane, 107-108 induced by point charge near sphere, 106 and parallel plate capacitor, 175 on slanted conducting planes, 273 on spatially ... Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates, 260 cylindrical coordinates, 271 and magnetic scalar potential, 365 spherical coordinates, 284 Laplacian of reciprocal distance, 73-74 Larmor angular velocity,...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... CartesianCoordinates(x, y, z) af af Vf = - , + O i, + af i, ax Oz ay aA, aA, + aA, V A= a+ ax az ay (LAX, A AaA\ ay z V2f a' +f Ox jy + az a, O aA ax Ox ay a' f az CylindricalCoordinates ... •af4 + af r04 az Vf = arr 1a iA, aA, rr rr a Oz V *A= - -(rAr)+M +M I a BA, rr) r V~ f la0 af\ r- rr aA 82f + I(rAs) ar 'L ,+ a2 f ae+I r •O af If-14 r sin aO A (r a( sin OAo) oA* V" -A = (rPA,)+ ... + r ar r sin ae r sin a4 x r sin a( sin OAs) aA] a8 0 a 04, S r sio V'f = r-r a- " r+ MA, arsin a( rA,)) [ra(rAo) dA,1 r Or O- a+ sin O+ I A a4J 4) af a ar DA A -2 Ora r) 14 az SphericalCoordinates...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... 9.2.7 Radiationfrom a Point Magnetic Dipole 9.3 POINT DIPOLE ARRAYS 9.3.1 A Simple Two Element Array (a) BroadsideArray (b) End-fireArray (c) ArbitraryCurrentPhase 9.3.2 An N DipoleArray 9.4 ... Voltage 8.2.3 Approach to the dc Steady State 8.2.4 Inductors and Capacitorsas Quasi-static Approximations to Transmission Lines 8.2.5 Reflections from Arbitrary Terminations 8.3 SINUSOIDAL TIME ... can be devoted to the applications of the mathematics rather than to its development Additional mathematical material will be presented as needed throughout the text 1-1 COORDINATE SYSTEMS A...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... by the _AY A = A I IAI =A = (A Figure 1-4 directions + Ayly+ AI1, +A +A. ]' A vector is described by its components along the three coordinate Vector Algebra scalar If the scalar is negative, the ... expressed as the determinantal expansion i, i, iz AxB=det A B A, B, A, B = i, (A, B - AB,) + i, (A, B, - AB,) + i, (AB, - AB.) (18) The cyclical and orderly permutation of (x, y, z) allows easy recall ... 1-9 The magnitude of the cross product is JAxBI =AB sin where is the enclosed angle between A and B Geometrically, (12) gives the area of the parallelogram formed with A and B as adjacent sides...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... infinitesimally small, each of the bracketed terms defines a partial derivative aA 3A ýAMz lim ( = + + AV (4) ax-o \ax ay az where AV = Ax Ay Az is the volume enclosed by the surface S The coefficient ... of AV in (4) is a scalar and is called the divergence of A It can be recognized as the dot product between the vector del operator of Section 1-3-1 and the vector A: aAx aA, + aA, div A = V - A ... rectangular in Figure 1-15 There are three pairs of plane parallel surfaces perpendicular to the coordinate axes so that (1) gives the flux as ()= f A. (x) dy dz - A (x -Ax) dy dz + JA,(y + Ay)...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... and the vector A This operation is called the curl of A and it is also a vector: i, a i, ax ay az A curl A= Vx A= det i, A, A, _A, A * (a ay az ) tA• + aA) aA, aAM\ az ax aAz•x (6) The cyclical ... yield A - dl (Vx A) , = lim Ar-O rAr AO =C - rr aA\ - (rA) 84 (14) ) The curl of a vector in cylindrical coordinates is thus VxA= IM (A, aA r a4 az aA )ir+ (A = az + aA A r (15) (rA) a) i, 84 r ar ... the radial component of the curl as l (V x A) r = lim a, -o ,& r Az Az aA aAA r a4 az (10) l around contour b: We evaluate the line integral around contour b: Ar A, (z)dr+ + -Ar +j -,r) zA dz A, (r)dz...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... (VxA) a, aA, aA, \ a aA az / y az -ax\y xaA, a2 A -\xay avax , aA, aA) a aA, aA\ ax I az\ ax ay / A a2 A, a2 Ax \ayaz azay) \azax ax(z ( where again the order of differentiation does not matter PROBLEMS ... +,( af ayaz azay 2f) a/ + i(.I2- azax axaz af).0 axay ayax) (28) Each bracketed term in (28) is zero because the order of differentiation does not matter (b) The Divergence of the Curl of a Vector ... (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) A+ EB, B C, A C A- B, BC, AC AxB, BxC, AxC (A x B) - C, A - (B x C) [Are they equal?] Ax (B x C), B (A C)- C (A - B) [Are they equal?] What is the angle between A and C and...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... Vx(AxB) =A( V B)-B(V A) +(B.V )A- (A Problems 47 (f) Vx(fA)=VfxA+fVxA (g) (VxA)xA= (A- V)AV (A. A) (h) Vx(VxA)=V(V -A) -V A 25 Two points have Cartesian coordinates (1, 2, - 1) and (2, -3, 1) (a) What is ... (al A charged rod near a neutral ball will induce an opposite charge on the near surface Since the ball is initially neutral, an equal amount of positive charge remains on the far surface Because ... conservation by attaching an electroscope to an initially uncharged metal ice pail (a) When all charges are far away from the pail, there is no charge on the pail nor on the flexible gold leaves...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... charge Ao along the z axis is shown in Figure 2-11 Consider the two symmetrically located charge elements dq1 and dq a distance z above and below the point P, a radial distance r away Each charge ... show that particular field components are zero The distance rQp is always positive In taking square roots, always make sure that the positive square root is taken The solution to a particular problem ... TWO-POINT CHARGES Two-point charges are a distance a apart along the z axis as shown in Figure 2-8 Find the electric field at any point in the z = plane when the charges are: (a) both equal to q...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... Cylinder of Surface Charge A hollow cylinder of length 2L and radius a has its axis along the z direction and is centered about the z = plane as in Figure 2-13c Its outer surface at r =a has a uniform ... elements 180* apart have z components that add but radial components that cancel The z-directed electric field along the z axis is then E f2w Aoa d4 cos Aoaz (14) 2 E2= 47rEo(z +a ) 2eo (a +Z2 The ... being the same as for a Charge Distributions 69 surface charged sheet with the same total charge per unit area, 0o = po 2a At the boundaries y = a, the field is continuous, changing linearly with...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... field was always found to be zero Such a closed conducting body is used for shielding so that a zero field environment can be isolated and is often called a Faraday cage, after Faraday's measurements ... symmetrically located charge elements at -0 have equal field magnitude components that add radially but cancel in the direction Realizing from the symmetry that the electric field is purely radial and ... the appropriate Gaussian surface upon which to integrate (11) This integration is usually much simpler than using Coulomb's law for each charge element 2-4-3 Spherical Symmetry (a) Surface Charge...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... The total charge per unit length on the plane is obtained by integrating (9) over the whole plane: a( x=0) dy ATr= Aa +00 dy r JI- y' +a2 = _,y I +0 Aa - tanir a a -0o = -A (10) and just equals ... of differing radii R and R having their centers a distance D apart as in Figure 2-26 We place a line charge A a distance b, from the center of cylinder and a line charge -A a distance b2 from ... original charges plus the image charges (b) Line Charge Near a Conducting Plane The method of images can adapt a known solution to a new problem by replacing conducting bodies with an equivalent...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... point Charges are g placed on the balls so that they are a distance d apart A charge QI is placed on ball What is the charge Q2 on ball 2? A point charge -Qi of mass m travels in a circular orbit ... constant voltage Vo (b) Figure 2-29 (a) If a conducting sphere carries a constant charge Qo or (b) is at a constant voltage Vo, an additional image charge is needed at the sphere center when a charge ... nage charge (a) (b) Figure 2-28 (a) A point charge q near a conducting plane has its image charge -q symmetrically located behind the plane (b) An applied uniform electric field causes a uniform...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20