use of diversity estimations in the study of sedimentary benthic communities

... profile The zone of influence of the EM field in the metal ring probes includes the plastic separating the rings, the PVC access pipe, and the surrounding soil, which is in a fringe field of the ... of Æ0:01 m3 mÀ3 The EM field for TDR measurement propagates both in the resin comprising the probe, and in the surrounding soil, with more of the field in soil in wet than in dry soil, meaning ... arrival of the signal reflected from the end of the probe (t2 in Figure 70.2) The TDR waveform in Figure 70.2 shows the recommended way of estimating the two times The intersection of tangential lines...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:23

... near the small town of Lednice in the southernmost part of Moravia (district Breclav) in the alluvium of the Dyje river (elevation of 160 ± m) The site is classified as Ulmeto-fraxinetum carpineum, ... (i.e., precipitation in the open, P after subtracting the interception, Ei) Psf is the amount of water coming with the stem flow, U is the amount of water within soils obtained from the underground ... (Vrtsup), i.e., the total volume of soils outside the actual reach of root systems (Vrtact) surface, Esoil dW is the difference in water storage in the soil between beginning and end of the study period,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:21

... R0 + b ⋅ D (5) Fitting of the parameters in equations (4) and (5) (and in the further functions) was based on the minimum sum of squares using the Gauss-Marquardt algorithm In contrast to stomatal ... large scattering of gc within the lowest radiation class (0 to 200 W m–2) This scatter is the result of both the rapid increase of gc with R, but also to the large uncertainty in calculating canopy ... significant fraction of the radiative flux reaches the soil surface, heat flux in the soil should not be neglected Nevertheless, in the absence of soil heat flux measurement in most of the studied stands,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:22

... adopted because it is part of the vernacular of many of those providing the information and of many of the ultimate users of the study results Figure A presents a simplified model of the fate and ... chlorine-containing compounds (including chlorine dioxide) are used in the bleaching process EPA expects that [reductions in] AOX discharges will in turn further reduce the likelihood of the formation ... industrial processes involving chlorine and other halogens In the U.S., municipal and medical waste incineration are the dominant known sources of dioxin (EPA 1994a), but the total releases of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:20

... in the upper intertidal zones of the tropics They are the primary source of energy and nutrients in these environments They have a special role in stabilizing shorelines, minimizing wave damage, ... one is index of erosion risk (C2), the other one is index of vegetation (C1) The map of erosion risk was interpolated from mean 30-year monthly rainfall data, slope, and porosity The index of vegetation ... with increasing and decreasing flow rate It explains about 28% of the total variation in increasing flow rate, and about 49% of the total variation in decreasing flow rate, respectively There are...

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2014, 12:22

... from insufficient and unreliable rainfall In these areas a high rate of evaporation in the growing season is also common When it rains in (semi-)arid areas, the rainstorms are usually heavy The ... ridging equipment for draught animals to decrease hand labour and an extensive explanation of the use of the water tube level in measuring height, staking out contour lines and defining the slope ... applied at the same time Possible methods for maintaining soil fertility in the cultivated area being described in Agrodok no 2: Soil Fertility Crops One of the main criteria for the selection of a...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... The amount of runoff depends on the absorbtion capacity of the soil and the amount of rain The amount of rain which falls in a certain period of time on the soil is called the rainfall intensity ... the soil from the raindrop impact, reduces sealing of the soil and increases the infiltration rate Both the root system as well as organic matter in the soil increase the porosity and hence the ... preceding to this paragraph If the rainfall intensity of a rainstorm is below the infiltration capacity of the soil, no runoff will occur The proportion of total rainfall which becomes runoff is...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... using a string The string has a length equal to the radius of the structure Mark out the centre point (the point in the middle of the tips of one structure, on the contour line) Then, holding ... along the contour line Point [c] is found using two lengths of string Each string is the same length as the side length of the micro-catchment One string is held at point [a], the other at point ... first runoff is harvested The seedlings are planted in the space between the cross-ties and the infiltration pit A second seedling is planted in the infiltration pit in case of shortage of rainfall...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... across the contour furrows, creating mini-basins (Figure 29) In case of light rainfall, the water remains in the mini-basins When rainfall is heavy, the water runs off over the cross-ties along the ... depends on the size of the machinery The width of the strip will be an exact multiplication of the width of the machines If slopes are irregular, the strips with arable crops are kept the same ... overall fertility of the soil Layout The width of the strips depends on the slope gradient and the infiltration capacity of the soil Table below gives guidelines for the width of strips on reasonably...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... change of plan according to the amount of rain in the early part of the season ? A combination of legumes and cereals may increase the nitrogen status of the soil ? Plants with different rooting ... slope, the water in the tube of Pole will fall, and the water in the tube of Pole will rise (Figure 40B) The difference in height between the two points on the ground is equal to the sum of the ... living plants of the windbreak during the period in which the crop is not on the fields 9.2 Dry and sparse seeding Dry seeding, i.e sowing in advance of seasonal and unreliable rains, is a widespread...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... the soil dried out from February or March until the beginning of June (Fig 2) In 2005, however, the soil dried out since November of the previous year and in January the reserve of water in the ... wilting point (pF 4.2), taking into account the percentage of gravels Finally, predawn and midday water potentials were measured in Q ilex trees during the summer of 2002 and 2003 by means of the ... (iii) to determine the nature of tree-grass interactions in terms of water use MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Study area The study was conducted in four Q ilex dehesas of central western Spain (39◦ 41...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:21

... femina (L.) Roth and Rubus fruticosus L., the latest being the most covering In the control plot, Prunus spinosa L shrubs are found in patches Herbaceous LAI reached values of 2.5 in the thinned ... artefact of the variable number of functional flowmeters in the control plot Oaks transpiration in the thinned plot increased (from 77 to 126%), relatively to the control plot Forest floor in the thinned ... Table V For the stand, the trees, the forest floor (herbs), the pedunculate oaks (Oak), the ring- and the diffuse-porous species, the ratio between transpiration measured in the thinned plot and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

... type of model incorporates into its corresponding equation the contribution of each soil phase to the dielectric constant of the medium Thus, it takes into account the effects of variations in other ... on the size of the pores containing the water [17] This is very important when the soil is undergoing drying and wetting because soil pores that contain water differ between these periods Therefore, ... [8, 13, 33] Accordingly, the aim of the present work was to compare the results obtained in the measurement of soil-water contents obtained using a NP and TDR At the same time, the temporal and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

... selected, one in the valley of the Drac river, the other in a mountain stand in the Alps The Ks (mol s–1 MPa–1 m–1) data are means ± SD with n being the number of replicates from two trees of each ... excelsior trees growing in the valley of the Drac river The experiments were carried out in the last days of July 2000 Data are the means of ten determinations (± SD) from two trees ψwp is the predawn ... one in the valley of the Drac river, the other in a mountain stand in the Alps The experiments were conducted on leaf petioles (full symbols) and branches (empty symbols) These data are obtained...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:21

... factors influencing the color of oak wood were found to be both tree age and wood age, with wood becoming redder and darker with increasing tree age Nevertheless, much of the variation in wood ... abundant in spring The cor- Age and wood color We should distinguish tree age (biological age) from wood age (as indicated by the number of annual rings away from the cambium) Both ages greatly influence ... simulating the CIE standard illuminant A (corresponding to incandescent light) and an observation angle of 10° The color is represented by the values L*; a*, b*, C* and h* (fig 2) Wood Extractions In...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 19:21

... mining The production and use of cyanide is growing, as indicated by the chronological tabulation of HCN production in the United States in Table 1.1 In addition to use of cyanide compounds in ... from the tail of Comet 81P/Wild2 in 2004 [16] This presence of HCN in space is now being used to study the birth of massive stars [17] The detection of large amounts of HCN toward the center of ... constituent in the nitrogenous atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn [14], and in the coma of the Hale–Bopp comet [15] Polymerization products of HCN are the dominant components of dust grains...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... pharmaceuticals, painting inks, and other materials (Chapter 4) Cyanide is also used directly in a variety of processes, including electroplating and hydrometallurgical gold extraction (Chapter 4) One of the ... is found in animal tissues as a result of intestinal synthesis [14] It is essential for human life, serving numerous functions and being an especially important vitamin for maintaining healthy ... and aiding the production of genetic building blocks DNA and RNA [15] There are cyanide and noncyanide forms of Vitamin B12 The noncyanide forms include methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, chlorocobalamin,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... nitrogen from the injected air or coal Just as in the coking operation, some of this cyanide remains in the product gas and the remaining portion exits the plant in the gas cleaning wastewater ... of coal by indirectly heating the coal in the absence of air to temperatures in the range of 900 to 1100◦ C to vaporize all volatile constituents in the coal [9] These volatile constituents include ... presence of nitrogen and carbon The quantity of cyanide produced in the coking of coal has been reported to be about 1.5 to 2.0% of the nitrogen content of the coal [3] A portion of the cyanide remains...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... including those of cadmium, copper, and zinc, decompose rapidly in the presence of oxidizing agents As discussed in Section 5.1.5, and in more detail in Chapter 20, alkaline chlorination is the ... purposes.) In the system shown, the total amount of free cyanide added to the system (2 × 10−3 M) is in excess of the amount of zinc present (2 × 10−5 M) Thus, cyanide species dominate the speciation of ... are shown in Figure 5.7 The adsorption of nickel observed in the system with CNT = 10−5 M is very similar to the adsorption of nickel on SiO2 (s) in the absence of cyanide For the series of batch...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... owing to the paucity of food ingestion and drinking water data compared to injection data 15.6.2 ROUTE OF EXPOSURE — BIRDS The avian drinking water data were obtained from a single study, and the ... drinking water studies [28,29] The data of Gomez et al [12] are at the high end (lesser toxicity) of the rest of the estimated doses for birds It is possible that the cyanide in cassava used in ... cyanohydrin (0.027 mg CN/kg BW) fell within the upper range of the mammalian injection data The injection study endpoints (mostly estimated from LD50s) overlap the drinking water NOAELs, while food consumption...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20