upper respiratory tract infections in infants

... Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Introduction Infections of the upper respiratory tract (URIs) have a tremendous ... Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 31. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract ... syndromes, acute infections are diagnosed largely on clinical grounds. Thus the judicious use of antibiotics in this setting is challenging. Nonspecific Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract Nonspecific...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... cause sinusitis through impaired mucus clearance. In the hospital setting, nasotracheal intubation is a major risk factor for nosocomial sinusitis in intensive care units. Acute infectious sinusitis ... although there is increasing concern about community strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as an emerging cause. Anaerobes are occasionally found in association with infections of the ... be retained, producing the typical signs and symptoms of sinusitis. The retained secretions may become infected with a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Sinusitis...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... sinus inflammation, although bacterial sinusitis complicates only 0.2–2% of these viral infections. Common presenting symptoms of sinusitis include nasal drainage and congestion, facial pain ... include cough, sneezing, and fever. Tooth pain, most often involving the upper molars, is associated with bacterial sinusitis, as is halitosis. In acute sinusitis, sinus pain or pressure often ... fungal sinusitis, or sinusitis from noninfectious causes (e.g., allergic rhinosinusitis). In the case of an immunocompromised patient with acute fungal sinus infection, immediate examination...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 4) Acute Sinusitis: Treatment Most patients with a diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis based on clinical grounds ... of culture and susceptibility testing of sinus aspirates. Chronic Sinusitis Chronic sinusitis is characterized by symptoms of sinus inflammation lasting >12 weeks. This illness is most ... active against the most common bacterial pathogens, including S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae—e.g., amoxicillin. No clinical trials support the use of broad-spectrum agents for routine cases...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 5) Infections of the Ear and Mastoid Infections of the ear and associated structures can involve both the ... appropriately. Infections of the External Ear Structures Infections involving the structures of the external ear are often difficult to differentiate from noninfectious inflammatory conditions ... exists in several forms: localized, diffuse, chronic, and invasive. All forms are predominantly bacterial in origin, with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus the most common pathogens. should include...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... nasopharynx are introduced into the inflammatory fluid collected in the middle ear (e.g., by nose blowing during a URI). The proliferation of these pathogens in this space leads to Cefdinir, 14 ... an inflammatory condition of the middle ear that results from dysfunction of the eustachian tube in association with a number of illnesses, including URIs and chronic rhinosinusitis. The inflammatory ... used in place of the aminoglycoside and can even be administered orally, given the excellent bioavailability of this drug class. In addition, antibiotic drops containing an agent active against...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... A switch in regimen is recommended if there is no clinical improvement by the third day of therapy, given the possibility of infection with a β-lactamase- producing strain of H. influenzae ... months or four episodes within 12 months) is generally due to relapse or reinfection, although data indicate that the majority of early recurrences are new infections. In general, the same pathogens ... including otalgia, otorrhea, diminished hearing, fever, or irritability. Erythema of the tympanic membrane is often evident but is nonspecific as it is frequently seen in association with inflammation...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 8) Serous Otitis Media In serous otitis media (otitis media with effusion), fluid is present in the middle ear for an extended period and in ... purulent otorrhea in the setting of tympanic membrane perforation. Usually, there is also some degree of conductive hearing loss. This condition can be categorized as active or inactive. Inactive disease ... keratinaceous debris (cholesteatoma) at the site of invasion. This mass can enlarge and has the potential to erode bone and promote further infection, which can lead to meningitis, brain abscess,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... diphtherial, and yersinial) often present as exudative pharyngitis with or without other clinical features. Their etiologies are often suggested only by the clinical history. Oropharyngeal infections ... for a minority of cases, although these serogroups are nonrheumatogenic. The remaining bacterial causes of acute pharyngitis are seen infrequently (<1% each) but should be considered in appropriate ... The clinical features of acute pharyngitis caused by streptococci of groups A, C, and G are all similar, ranging from a relatively mild illness without many accompanying symptoms to clinically...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Penicillin VK, 50 mg/kg qd PO in divided doses (bid), or History of rheumatic fever or Cephalexin, 50 mg/kg qd PO in divided doses (qid), or Documented household exposure or Benzathine penicillin ... such as influenza virus, adenovirus, HSV, EBV, CMV, and M. pneumoniae, are available in some locations and can be used when these infections are suspected. The diagnosis of acute EBV infection ... or Erythromycin, 250 mg PO qid, or Documented household exposure or Benzathine penicillin G, single dose of 1.2 million units IM Positive rapid strep screen Children Clinical suspicion...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... or incision and drainage. Oral Infections Aside from periodontal disease such as gingivitis, infections of the oral cavity most commonly involve HSV or Candida species. In addition to causing ... is entirely symptom-based except in infection with influenza virus or HSV. For influenza, a number of therapeutic agents exist, including amantadine, rimantadine, and the two newer agents oseltamivir ... metastatic infection to the lung and other distant sites. Occasionally, the infection can extend along the carotid sheath and into the posterior mediastinum, resulting in mediastinitis, or...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... medicine. Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 12) Infections of the Larynx and Epiglottis Laryngitis Laryngitis is defined ... After the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the mid-1980s, disease incidence among children in the United States declined dramatically. Nevertheless, lack of vaccination or vaccine failure ... peak incidence at ~3.5 years of age. In some countries, mass vaccination against Hib has reduced the annual incidence of acute epiglottitis in children by >90%; in contrast, the annual incidence...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 13) Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Epiglottitis typically presents more acutely in young children than in ... severe respiratory distress, with inspiratory stridor and retractions of the chest wall. These findings diminish as the disease progresses and the patient tires. Conversely, oropharyngeal examination ... symptoms for <24 h, including high fever, severe sore throat, tachycardia, systemic toxicity, and (in many cases) drooling while sitting forward. Symptoms and signs of respiratory obstruction...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

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... Circulating levels of copeptin, a novel biomarker, in lower respiratory tract infections. Eur J Clin Invest 2007, 37:145-152. 22. Christ-Crain M, Muller B: Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: ... ultimate clinical utility of a biomarker is defined by the degree it improves clinical decision making and adds timely information beyond that of readily available information from clinical examination. ... Stolz D, Tamm M, Morgenthaler NG, Christ-Crain M: Circulating levels of pro- atrial natriuretic peptide in lower respiratory tract infections. J Intern Med 2006, 260:568-576. 15. Kruger S,...

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... antibiotic prescribing Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in primary care NICE clinical guideline 69 – respiratory tract infections ... in primary care Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is defined as any infectious disease of the upper or lower respiratory tract. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) include the common ... guideline 69 – respiratory tract infections – antibiotic prescribing 13 1.3 Overview 1.3.1 Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 13:20