upper respiratory tract infection treatment guidelines

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 31. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Pharyngitis, ... Infections Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Introduction Infections of the upper respiratory tract (URIs) have a tremendous impact on public health. ... syndromes, acute infections are diagnosed largely on clinical grounds. Thus the judicious use of antibiotics in this setting is challenging. Nonspecific Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract Nonspecific...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... life-threatening infections. The best-known example is rhinocerebral mucormycosis caused by fungi of the order Mucorales, which includes Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Absidia, and Cunninghamella. These infections ... aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species. Often, these infections are polymicrobial and involve organisms that are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. ... methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as an emerging cause. Anaerobes are occasionally found in association with infections of the roots of premolar teeth that spread into the adjacent maxillary sinuses. The...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... within 30 d, recent treatment failure, or >30% prevalence of penicillin - resistant S. Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 3) ... viral infections such as the common cold and is not specific to bacterial infection. Other nonspecific manifestations include cough, sneezing, and fever. Tooth pain, most often involving the upper ... sinusitis, CT of the sinuses is the radiographic study of choice. Table 31-1 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Sinusitis mg PO qd) Moderate symptoms (e.g., nasal purulence/congestion...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... bacteria Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 4) Acute Sinusitis: Treatment Most patients with a diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis ... on histologic examination. Patients often present with pansinusitis. Chronic Sinusitis: Treatment Treatment of chronic bacterial sinusitis can be challenging and consists primarily of repeated ... patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis usually require extensive surgical debridement and treatment with IV antifungal agents active against fungal hyphal forms, such as amphotericin B....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 5) Infections of the Ear and Mastoid Infections of the ear and associated structures can involve ... bacteria are known causes of these infections, some of which result in significant morbidity if not treated appropriately. Infections of the External Ear Structures Infections involving the structures ... cellulitis is an infection of the skin overlying the external ear and typically follows minor local trauma. It presents with the typical signs and symptoms of a skin/soft tissue infection, with...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... systemic illness (Table 31-2). Table 31-2 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Otitis Media Illness Severity Diagnostic Criteria Treatment Recommendations Mild to moderate ... antibiotics within 30 d or recent treatment failure a,c Ceftriaxone, 50 mg/kg the development of the typical signs and symptoms of acute middle-ear infection. The diagnosis of acute ... follow-up. Extensive surgical debridement, once an important component of the treatment approach, is now rarely indicated. Infections of Middle-Ear Structures Otitis media is an inflammatory condition...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... With bacterial infection, the tympanic membrane can also be erythematous, bulging, or retracted and occasionally can spontaneously perforate. The signs and symptoms accompanying infection can ... episodes within 12 months) is generally due to relapse or reinfection, although data indicate that the majority of early recurrences are new infections. In general, the same pathogens responsible ... evident but is nonspecific as it is frequently seen in association with inflammation of the upper respiratory mucosa (e.g., during examination of young children). Other signs and symptoms that...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... are usually evident on CT. Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 8) Serous Otitis Media In serous otitis media (otitis media with ... has the potential to erode bone and promote further infection, which can lead to meningitis, brain abscess, or paralysis of cranial nerve VII. Treatment of chronic active otitis media is surgical; ... the middle ear, the process of fluid collection and infection is usually the same in the mastoid as in the middle ear. Early and frequent treatment of acute otitis media is most likely the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... only by the clinical history. Oropharyngeal infections range from mild, self-limited viral illnesses to serious, life-threatening bacterial infections. The most common presenting symptom ... the majority of cases of acute pharyngitis are caused by typical respiratory viruses. The most important source of concern is infection with group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pyogenes), ... occasion) splenomegaly is characteristic of infectious mononucleosis due to EBV or CMV. Acute primary infection with HIV is frequently associated with fever and acute pharyngitis as well as with myalgias,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... smaller benefit in this age group. Table 31-3 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pharyngitis Age Group Diagnostic Criteria Treatment Recommendations a Adults Clinical ... pneumoniae, are available in some locations and can be used when these infections are suspected. The diagnosis of acute EBV infection depends primarily on the detection of antibodies to the virus ... immunosorbent assay. Testing for HIV RNA or antigen (p24) should be performed when acute primary HIV infection is suspected. If other bacterial causes are suspected (particularly N. gonorrhoeae, C....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 11) Pharyngitis: Treatment Antibiotic treatment of pharyngitis due to S. pyogenes confers numerous ... sores, oral or IV acyclovir is often needed for primary infections, extensive oral infections, and from an infected or recently extracted tooth, most commonly the lower second and third molars. ... drainage in some cases, treatment typically involves needle aspiration or incision and drainage. Oral Infections Aside from periodontal disease such as gingivitis, infections of the oral cavity...

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