upper respiratory tract infection treatment and management

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 31. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ... Tract Infections Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Introduction Infections of the upper respiratory tract (URIs) have a tremendous impact on public ... syndromes, acute infections are diagnosed largely on clinical grounds. Thus the judicious use of antibiotics in this setting is challenging. Nonspecific Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract Nonspecific...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... alone and with bacteria—have been rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus. Bacterial causes of sinusitis have been better described. Among community-acquired cases, S. pneumoniae and ... Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species. Often, these infections are polymicrobial and involve organisms that are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. ... Absidia, and Cunninghamella. These infections usually occur in diabetic patients with ketoacidosis but also develop in transplant recipients, patients with hematologic malignancies, and patients...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... within 30 d, recent treatment failure, or >30% prevalence of penicillin - resistant S. Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 3) ... viral infections such as the common cold and is not specific to bacterial infection. Other nonspecific manifestations include cough, sneezing, and fever. Tooth pain, most often involving the upper ... Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement, 2001; Hickner et al, 2001; Piccirillo, 2004; and Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership, 2004....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... bacteria Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 4) Acute Sinusitis: Treatment Most patients with a diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis ... debridement and treatment with IV antifungal agents active against fungal hyphal forms, such as amphotericin B. Specific therapy should be individualized according to the fungal species and the ... presents with long-standing, often unilateral symptoms and opacification of a single sinus on imaging studies as a result of a mycetoma (fungus ball) within the sinus. Treatment for this condition...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part 5) Infections of the Ear and Mastoid Infections of the ear and associated structures can involve both the middle and external ... canal, and tympanic and mastoid cavities. Both viruses and bacteria are known causes of these infections, some of which result in significant morbidity if not treated appropriately. Infections ... cellulitis is an infection of the skin overlying the external ear and typically follows minor local trauma. It presents with the typical signs and symptoms of a skin/soft tissue infection, with...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... antibacterial treatment for 48–72 h and limiting management to symptom relief) is an option for mild to moderate disease in children 6 months to 2 years of age with an uncertain diagnosis and for ... the junction of bone and cartilage. If left unchecked, the infection can migrate to the base of the skull (resulting in skull-base osteomyelitis) and on to the meninges and brain, with a high ... including URIs and chronic rhinosinusitis. The inflammatory response to these conditions leads to the development of a sterile transudate within the middle-ear and mastoid cavities. Infection may...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... positive and negative pressure, but this movement is dampened when fluid is present. With bacterial infection, the tympanic membrane can also be erythematous, bulging, or retracted and occasionally ... inflammation of the upper respiratory mucosa (e.g., during examination of young children). Other signs and symptoms that are occasionally reported include vertigo, nystagmus, and tinnitus. Acute ... the Netherlands, for instance, physicians typically manage acute otitis media with initial observation, administering anti-inflammatory agents for aggressive pain management and reserving...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... surrounding bone and the formation of abscess-like cavities that are usually evident on CT. Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (Part ... the middle ear, the process of fluid collection and infection is usually the same in the mastoid as in the middle ear. Early and frequent treatment of acute otitis media is most likely the ... This mass can enlarge and has the potential to erode bone and promote further infection, which can lead to meningitis, brain abscess, or paralysis of cranial nerve VII. Treatment of chronic...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, coxsackievirus A, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Acute HIV infection can present as acute pharyngitis and should be considered in high-risk ... typical respiratory viruses. The most important source of concern is infection with group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pyogenes), which is associated with acute glomerulonephritis and acute ... cause. Together, respiratory viruses are the most common identifiable cause of acute pharyngitis, with rhinoviruses and coronaviruses accounting for large proportions of cases (~20% and at least...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... virus, adenovirus, HSV, EBV, CMV, and M. pneumoniae, are available in some locations and can be used when these infections are suspected. The diagnosis of acute EBV infection depends primarily on ... the lower prevalence and smaller benefit in this age group. Table 31-3 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pharyngitis Age Group Diagnostic Criteria Treatment Recommendations a ... culture. and professional societies continue to recommend that all negative rapid antigen- detection tests in children be confirmed by a throat culture to limit transmission and complications...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... oseltamivir and zanamivir are active against both influenza A and influenza B and therefore can be used when local infection patterns are unknown. Oropharyngeal HSV infection sometimes responds to treatment ... pain, dysphagia, and neck swelling and stiffness. Sepsis usually occurs 3–10 days after the onset of sore throat and is often coupled with metastatic infection to the lung and other distant ... Occasionally, the infection can extend along the carotid sheath and into the posterior mediastinum, resulting in mediastinitis, or it Chapter 031. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other Upper Respiratory...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 02:21

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

... efficacy of the treatment − engage in monitoring and evaluation of treatment adherence and practitioner competence – for example, by using video and audio tapes, and external audit and scrutiny ... first ECT treatment and monitor at least every three to four treatments, and at the end of a course of treatment. 1.10.4.9 Assessment of cognitive function should include: ã orientation and time ... depression. Treatment and care should take into account patients’ needs and preferences. People with depression should have the opportunity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, ...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 15:20

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 05:22

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:22

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23