two types of family planning

... limited-commitment planning paradigm, to per- form two types of p]annlng: prescriptive and re- strictive. Limited-commitment planning consists of both prescriptive (hierarchical expansion) plan- ning and of ... nature of the relation between text planner and text realiser? 2 Interleaving or Top-Down Planning? 2.1 The Trouble with Traditional Planning In the text planning that has been done, two prin- ... that generators of the future will have to be structured. One insight pertains to the problems encoun- tered when the various tasks of generation both of text planning and of realization ~...

... Corresponding author Abstract Background: Informed consent in family planning includes knowledge of mechanism of action. Some methods of family planning occasionally work after fertilization. Knowing ... women before choosing a certain family planning method. The objective of this survey is to explore women's attitudes towards postfertilization effects of family planning methods, and beliefs ... were listed among birth control or family planning methods and the question- naire did not provide any specific definition of either birth control or family planning. We are aware that medical...

... BHIVA-BASHH-FFP UK SRH guidelines for PLHA Created on 01/06/2007 06:58:00 Page 9 of 62 Effectiveness Unit of the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care [www.ffprhc.org.uk]. This is ... Page 17 of 62 and leucocytes. The number of washes is limited as repeated centrifuging leads to loss of sperm quality and quantity. There have been no reported cases of infection of the female ... since diagnosis, use of, or duration of use of, ART with any semen parameter. These findings are consistent with previous reports in the literature. Analysis of 140 cycles of IUI with sperm washing...

... cloned in Two types of RPA in seed plants T. Ishibashi et al. 3278 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 32703281 ê 2005 FEBS Two types of replication protein A in seed plants Characterization of their functions ... shown). Analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi mutants of A. thaliana homologs of OsRPA70a and OsRPA70b (AtRPA70a and AtRPA70b) A. thaliana was used for genetic analysis of the functions of OsRPA70a ... two seed plants, rice and Arabidopsis, there are two different types of RPA70- kDa subunit. Substantial biochemical and genetic characterization of these two subunits, termed OsRPA70a and OsRPA70b...

... pH-Dependencies of the autoxidation rate If the values of k f and k s are plotted against the pH of the solution, we can obtain a pH profile for the stability of HbO 2 . Fig. 3 shows such profiles for both of ... is of nonequivalence of the chains in haem oxidation. In this regard, it should be noted that such a chain heterogeneity of HbO 2 oxidation can be retained even in very diluted concentrations of ... compared subunit–subunit contacts between three types of interfaces (a1b1, a1b2, and a1a2) of HbO 2 and the corresponding COb 4 interfaces. As a result, they found that the b1b2 interface of the COb 4 tetramer is less...

... The uptake of family planning methods among women in Uganda is low, with current use of family planning methods estimated at 24%, but available data has not been disaggregated by HIV status. The aim of ... assess the uptake of family planning services, and unplanned pregnancies, among HIV-infected people. We conducted multivariate analysis for predictors of current use of family planning among women ... uptake of family planning among HIV-infected individuals is fairly high. However, there are a large number of unplanned pregnancies. These findings highlight the need for strengthening of family planning services...

... Realization of Social Context ( Source: Halliday& Martin 1993:25) 3 Levels of Context The interpretation of social context includes two levels of communication: genre (context of culture) ... metaphor are not two different phenomena; they are both aspects of the metaphorical strategy by which we expand our semantic resources for construing experience. - Two types of realization between ... Range 13 Part I: Introduction 1 Rationale Metaphor, based on the association of similarity, is one of the two basic types of semantic transference that have been an interest for many linguistic...

... thepopulation.Thenumberofwomen sherepresentsinthepopulationiscalled hersamplingweight.Sampling weightsmayvaryconsiderablyfromthis averagevaluedependingonthe respondentsrace,theresponseratefor similarwomen,andotherfactors.As withanysamplesurvey,theestimatesin thisreportaresubjecttosampling variability.SignicancetestsonNSFG datashouldbedonetakingthesampling designintoaccount. Nonsamplingerrorswereminimized bystringentquality-controlprocedures thatincludedthoroughinterviewer training,checkingtheconsistencyof answersduringandaftertheinterview, imputingmissingdata,andadjustingthe samplingweightsfornonresponseand undercoveragetomatchnationaltotals. Estimatesofsamplingerrorsandother statisticalaspectsofthesurveyare describedinmoredetailinanother separatereport(13). Thisreportshowsndingsby characteristicsofthewomaninterviewed, includingherage,maritalstatus, education,parity,householdincome dividedbythepovertylevel,andraceand Hispanicorigin.Ithasbeenshownthat blackandHispanicwomenhavemarkedly lowerlevelsofincome,education,and accesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance, thanwhitewomen(14).Theseandother factors,ratherthanraceororiginperse, probablyaccountfordifferencesinthe behaviorsandoutcomesstudiedinthis reportamongwhite,black,andHispanic women(15). TableBshowsafactorthatshould beconsideredininterpretingtrendsin pregnancy-relatedbehaviorintheUnited States:thechangingagecompositionof thereproductive-agepopulation.In 1982,therewere54.1millionwomenof reproductiveageintheUnitedStates;in 1988,57.9million;andin1995,60.2 million(16).Thelargebabyboom cohort,bornbetween1946and1964, was1834yearsofagein1982,2442 yearsofagein1988,and3149years ofagein1995.Theselargebirthcohorts werepreceded(upto1945)and followed(196580)bysmallercohorts. Whiletheoverallnumberofwomen 1544yearsofageroseby6million,or 11percentbetween1982and1995,the numberofteenagewomendroppedby about6percent,thenumberofwomen 2024yearsofagedroppedby 15percent,andthenumberofwomen 2529droppedby6percent(tableB).In contrast,thenumberofwomen3044 yearsofageincreasedsharplyfor example,thenumberofwomen4044 yearsofageincreasedby59percent between1982and1995.Also,women 3044yearsofageaccountedfor 54percentofwomen1544yearsofage in1995comparedwith44percentin 1982.Thesedifferencesinage compositionmayberelevantwhenever timetrendsamongwomen1544years ofagearebeingdiscussed. Publicuselesbasedonthe1995 NSFGareavailableoncomputertape. TheywillalsobeavailableonCompact DiscRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM). Questionsaboutthecostandavailability ofthecomputertapesshouldbedirected totheNationalTechnicalInformation Service(NTIS),5285PortRoyalRoad, Springeld,VA22161,703487-4650, or1800-553-NTIS.Questionsregarding theCD-ROMlesshouldbedirectedto NCHSDataDisseminationBranchat 301436-8500. Results T ables117containmeasuresof pregnancyandbirthintheUnited States. ChildrenEverBornandTotal BirthsExpected In1995,women1544yearsof ageintheUnitedStateshadhadan averageof1.2birthsperwoman (table1).Thiscompareswith1.2in 1988and1.3in1982(17).In1995, women1544yearsofageexpectedto nishtheirchildbearingwithan averageof2.2childrenperwoman (table1)comparedwith2.2in1988 and2.4in1982(17). Theproportionwhoreportthatthey haveneverbeenpregnantwasmarkedly higherforcollegegraduatesthanfor thosewhodidnotcompletehighschool (table3).Thissamepatternbyeducation isalsoseenwhendataforlivebirthsare examined(tables45):about49percent ofwomen2244yearsofagewhohad graduatedfromcollegehadhadnolive birthsasofthedateofinterview comparedwithjust8percentofwomen 2244yearsofagewithoutahigh schooldiploma(table4).Withinrace andHispanicorigingroups,thepattern wasthesame:collegegraduateshad markedlyhigherpercentschildlessthan womenwithlesseducation(table5). Table6showsacomparison betweenlivebirthsreportedinthe NSFGandlivebirthsregisteredonbirth certicatesintheyears199194.In eachindividualcalendaryearandfor thesumoftheyears199194,the NSFGestimateofthenumberofbirths isveryclosetothebirthcerticatetotal anddiffersfromitbylessthanthe NSFGssamplingerror.TheNSFG estimateisalsoverycloseforwhite women.TheNSFGestimateforblack womenisslightlylower,andthe estimateforotherracessomewhat higherthanthebirthcerticatedata.A discussionofthisdifferenceisgivenin thedenitionofRaceandHispanic originintheDenitionsofTerms. Overall,andbycharacteristicsother thanrace,however,table6showsthat TableB.Numberofwomen,byage:UnitedStates,1982,1988,and1995 Ageơ ... thepopulation.Thenumberofwomen sherepresentsinthepopulationiscalled hersamplingweight.Sampling weightsmayvaryconsiderablyfromthis averagevaluedependingonthe respondentsrace,theresponseratefor similarwomen,andotherfactors.As withanysamplesurvey,theestimatesin thisreportaresubjecttosampling variability.SignicancetestsonNSFG datashouldbedonetakingthesampling designintoaccount. Nonsamplingerrorswereminimized bystringentquality-controlprocedures thatincludedthoroughinterviewer training,checkingtheconsistencyof answersduringandaftertheinterview, imputingmissingdata,andadjustingthe samplingweightsfornonresponseand undercoveragetomatchnationaltotals. Estimatesofsamplingerrorsandother statisticalaspectsofthesurveyare describedinmoredetailinanother separatereport(13). Thisreportshowsndingsby characteristicsofthewomaninterviewed, includingherage,maritalstatus, education,parity,householdincome dividedbythepovertylevel,andraceand Hispanicorigin.Ithasbeenshownthat blackandHispanicwomenhavemarkedly lowerlevelsofincome,education,and accesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance, thanwhitewomen(14).Theseandother factors,ratherthanraceororiginperse, probablyaccountfordifferencesinthe behaviorsandoutcomesstudiedinthis reportamongwhite,black,andHispanic women(15). TableBshowsafactorthatshould beconsideredininterpretingtrendsin pregnancy-relatedbehaviorintheUnited States:thechangingagecompositionof thereproductive-agepopulation.In 1982,therewere54.1millionwomenof reproductiveageintheUnitedStates;in 1988,57.9million;andin1995,60.2 million(16).Thelargebabyboom cohort,bornbetween1946and1964, was1834yearsofagein1982,2442 yearsofagein1988,and3149years ofagein1995.Theselargebirthcohorts werepreceded(upto1945)and followed(196580)bysmallercohorts. Whiletheoverallnumberofwomen 1544yearsofageroseby6million,or 11percentbetween1982and1995,the numberofteenagewomendroppedby about6percent,thenumberofwomen 2024yearsofagedroppedby 15percent,andthenumberofwomen 2529droppedby6percent(tableB).In contrast,thenumberofwomen3044 yearsofageincreasedsharplyfor example,thenumberofwomen4044 yearsofageincreasedby59percent between1982and1995.Also,women 3044yearsofageaccountedfor 54percentofwomen1544yearsofage in1995comparedwith44percentin 1982.Thesedifferencesinage compositionmayberelevantwhenever timetrendsamongwomen1544years ofagearebeingdiscussed. Publicuselesbasedonthe1995 NSFGareavailableoncomputertape. TheywillalsobeavailableonCompact DiscRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM). Questionsaboutthecostandavailability ofthecomputertapesshouldbedirected totheNationalTechnicalInformation Service(NTIS),5285PortRoyalRoad, Springeld,VA22161,703487-4650, or1800-553-NTIS.Questionsregarding theCD-ROMlesshouldbedirectedto NCHSDataDisseminationBranchat 301436-8500. Results T ables117containmeasuresof pregnancyandbirthintheUnited States. ChildrenEverBornandTotal BirthsExpected In1995,women1544yearsof ageintheUnitedStateshadhadan averageof1.2birthsperwoman (table1).Thiscompareswith1.2in 1988and1.3in1982(17).In1995, women1544yearsofageexpectedto nishtheirchildbearingwithan averageof2.2childrenperwoman (table1)comparedwith2.2in1988 and2.4in1982(17). Theproportionwhoreportthatthey haveneverbeenpregnantwasmarkedly higherforcollegegraduatesthanfor thosewhodidnotcompletehighschool (table3).Thissamepatternbyeducation isalsoseenwhendataforlivebirthsare examined(tables45):about49percent ofwomen2244yearsofagewhohad graduatedfromcollegehadhadnolive birthsasofthedateofinterview comparedwithjust8percentofwomen 2244yearsofagewithoutahigh schooldiploma(table4).Withinrace andHispanicorigingroups,thepattern wasthesame:collegegraduateshad markedlyhigherpercentschildlessthan womenwithlesseducation(table5). Table6showsacomparison betweenlivebirthsreportedinthe NSFGandlivebirthsregisteredonbirth certicatesintheyears199194.In eachindividualcalendaryearandfor thesumoftheyears199194,the NSFGestimateofthenumberofbirths isveryclosetothebirthcerticatetotal anddiffersfromitbylessthanthe NSFGssamplingerror.TheNSFG estimateisalsoverycloseforwhite women.TheNSFGestimateforblack womenisslightlylower,andthe estimateforotherracessomewhat higherthanthebirthcerticatedata.A discussionofthisdifferenceisgivenin thedenitionofRaceandHispanic originintheDenitionsofTerms. Overall,andbycharacteristicsother thanrace,however,table6showsthat TableB.Numberofwomen,byage:UnitedStates,1982,1988,and1995 Ageơ ... 1982and1995,andsurgicallysterilized womenrarelyusefamilyplanning servicesaftertheiroperations.These trends,alongwiththepotentialeffects ofchangesinquestionwordingin1995, deservefurtherdetailedstudy. Inthe12monthsbeforethe1995 interview,33percentreceivedbirth control/familyplanningservices; 27percentreceivedabirthcontrol method,15percentbirthcontrol counseling,and22percentacheckupor testrelatedtobirthcontrol(table73). About62percentofwomen reportedreceivingaPapsmearand 61percentreceivedapelvicexaminthe last12months.Thisissimilarto findingsin1988(32).Thepercents receivingotherservicesweremuch lower:16percentreceivedapregnancy test,17percentanHIVtest,8percent othersexuallytransmitteddisease(STD) testsortreatment,and21percentatest ortreatmentforaninfection(table74). About34millionwomenreceived familyplanningorrelatedreproductive healthservicesfromprivatedoctorsor healthmaintenanceorganizations (HMO)in1995.About15million women,includingsomeofthesame women,receivedtheseservicesfrom othersources—forexample,public familyplanningclinics,otherclinics, andhospitals.Womenwhousedthese othersourcestendedtohavelower incomes.Forexample,only15percent ofwomen22–44yearsofagewhoused aprivatedoctororHMOhadincome lessthan150percentofthepoverty levelcomparedwith46percentofthose whousedpublicfamilyplanning clinics—athreefolddifference(table80). CigaretteSmoking About28percentofwomen15–44 yearsofagewerecurrentcigarette smokersin1995,and14percentwere formersmokers(table84).These findingsaresimilartothosefromthe NHIS(31).Theproportionwho currentlysmokewasnearlyfourtimes ashighamongwomenwithlessthana highschooleducation(47percent)as amongcollegegraduates(12percent) (table84).About18percentofpregnant orpostpartumwomenwerecurrently smokingin1995.About24percentof the10millionusersoforal contraceptiveswerecurrentlysmoking, and10percentweresmoking15or morecigarettesperday.Almost 18percentofteenagewomenwere currentlysmokingin1995(table84). HumanImmunodeficiency VirusTestingandRelated Behavior Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus (HIV),thevirusthatcausesacquired immunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS), wasthesubjectofseveralquestionsin the1995NSFG.About48percentof women15–44yearsofagehavehadan HIVtestatsometimeintheirlives, eitheraspartofblooddonationor unrelatedtoit.Thosemostlikelyto haveeverbeentestedforHIVwere women20–34yearsofage (54–60percent)andthosewithan educationbeyondhighschool (55–56percent)(table85).Ofthe11.4 millionwomentestedforHIVinthe12 monthsbeforethe1995survey,the reasoncitedmostoftenwastofindout ifshewasinfected(40percent); 23percentweretestedinconnection withprenatalcare.Hospitalizationor surgery,applyingforinsurance,and doctor’sreferralwereeachcitedby 7–8percentofrecentlytestedwomen (table86). Intheself-administeredpartofthe NSFGinterview(AudioCASI), 28percentofunmarriedwomenreported thattheirmalepartner(s)inthelast12 months‘‘werehavingsexwithother women’’aroundthesametime.Women withmorepartnersinthelast12months weremorelikelytoreportthattheir malepartners(s)werealsohaving intercoursewithotherwomen— 15percentofthosewithonepartner comparedwith57percentofthosewith threeormorepartners(table87). Amongunmarriedwomen15–44 yearsofagewhohavehadintercourse inthepastyearandwhoreportedthat theyhaveeverusedcondomsfor diseasepreventionatsometimeintheir lives,aboutone-thirdreportedthattheir partnersinthepastyearusedcondoms fordiseasepreventioneverytimethey hadintercourse,one-thirdsaidtheyused condomssometimesbutnoteverytime, andone-thirdsaidnotatall.Among unmarriedwomenwithtwoormore partnersinthepastyear,15percentdid notusecondomsatallinthepastyear fordiseasepreventionand19percent usedthemlessthanhalfthetime;some ofthesewomenmayhaveused condomssolelyforcontraception. Furtherresearchisneededonthesedata todeterminetheextenttowhich unprotectedintercourseoccurredandin whichgroupsofthepopulation (table88,alsoseeDefinitionsofTerms). PelvicInflammatoryDisease andDouching Pelvicinflammatorydisease,or PID,iscausedbyavarietyofinfectious agents.PIDcancauserecurrentpain, ectopicpregnancy,andcanleadto infertilityifleftuntreatedorrecurrent (33).In1995,8percentofwomen reportedthattheyhadbeentreatedfor PIDatsometimeintheirlives— 8percentofHispanicwomen,7percent ofNon-Hispanicwhitewomen,and 11percentofblackwomen.PIDwas twiceascommonamongwomenwho doucheregularly(12percent)compared withwomenwhodonotdouche (6percent).PIDwasalsotwiceas commonamongthosewith10ormore sexualpartnersintheirlifetimes (14percent)asamongwomenwith2–3 partners(7percent)(table89).These findingsaresimilartothoseinthe1982 and1988NSFG,butitappearsthatthe prevalenceofPIDhasdeclined,from 14percentin1982to11percentin1988 and8percentin1995(34). Douchinghasbeenassociatedwith PID,ectopicpregnancy,infertility,and cervicalcancer(35).In1988,37percent ofwomen15–44yearsofagereported thattheyweredouchingregularly.In 1995,thisproportionhaddeclinedto 27percent.However,douchingwasstill morecommonthanaverageamong Hispanicwomen(34percent),black women(55percent),womenwhodid notfinishhighschool(53percent),and thosewhohavehadPID(41percent). Blackcollegegraduateswerefourtimes aslikelytodoucheregularlyaswhite collegegraduates(40percentversus 9percent)(table90). Series23,No.19[Page9 ...

... other than black or white. Use of Family Planning and Other Medical Services (tables 85–96) Tables 85–96 show data on a number of aspects of use of family planning services and other medical ... type of provider and demographic characteristics of women 15–24 years of age at their first visit for family planning services. + More women (55 percent) received their first family planning ... receive their first family planning service from a private doctor or HMO (table 85). + Nearly 2 out of every 3 women who had a family planning service had their first family planning visit before...

... providers of family planning services and will develop a compendium of family planning, maternal, child, SRH, and HIV linkages indicators. IPPF will improve the advocacy capacity of Member Associations ... need for family planning from 13% to 6.5% by 2020. The family planning budget, including the procurement of contraceptive commodities, will be doubled from the current 1.7% to 3% of the health ... quintiles, including the removal of user fees for family planning services by 2013. Zimbabwe will improve method mix and strengthen the integration of family planning with reproductive health,...

... treatment of childhood illness.  Post-partum Family Planning: In Mali, the approach applied to integrate family planning with postpartum care resulted in increasing the proportion of postpartum ... before 16 weeks of pregnancy. Number of ANC community outreach visits conducted by each health facility. Number of community meetings held to advocate for the importance of ANC. % of pregnant ... health, and family planning (MNCH/FP) programs across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Illustrative cases of significant improvement achieved in a short period of time across the continuum of MNCH/FP...

... expressions of three types of hepcidins in dif- ferent organs and tissues were different. From the results of previous report, it is speculated that hepci- dins homologues may have a variety of roles ... different from that of human, mouse and other reported fish hepcidins. In liver, some cells expressed both types of hepcidins, while other cells expressed only one of them or neither of them (Fig. 6). ... similar to those of mammals and bass. However, the second exons of Hep-JF1 and Hep-JF2 are only 1 ⁄ 10–1 ⁄ 20 as long as the second exon of mammals. Tissue-specific expressions of Japanese flounder hepcidin...

... use of service-delivery points even after the withdrawal of the interventions. The results of the cluster surveys, conducted in 1996, showed that the selected indicators of health and family- planning ... survey. Results Observation of routine activities of FWAs Data of 1995 and 1996 showed a consistent pattern of adherence to the recommended protocol for administra- tion of injectables (Table 1). The skills of the ... the record keeping system, screen- ing checklists of family planning methods, administering injectable contraceptive, management of side-effects of contraceptive methods, supervision and monitoring,...