tuberculosis and other respiratory infections

... therapy (n=3), empyema (n=1) and pleuropericarditis (n=1) Sixteen patients (18%) had HIV infection; of these, patients had tuberculosis and patients had other pulmonary infections HIV-infected patients ... Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Cases) and Patients with Other Causes of Pulmonary Infections (Controls) Cases (n=35) Controls (n=54) Clinical presentation -Pulmonary tuberculosis -Lobar community ... included in the study Thirty five patients had culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis and 54 patients had other causes of fever and pulmonary infiltrates Patient characteristics are shown in Table...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 03:20

... tissue infections and bacteremias; next in frequency are C novyi and C septicum In the category of enteric infections, C difficile is an important cause of antibioticassociated colitis, and C ... produce abundant gas in artificial media and form subterminal endospores C perfringens, one of the most clinically important species, is encapsulated and nonmotile and rarely sporulates in artificial ... tissue toxins and enterotoxins The enterotoxins include four major lethal toxins: α, β, ε, and The α toxin is a phospholipase C (lecithinase) that splits lecithin into phosphorylcholine and diglyceride...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... (Typhlitis) See Chaps 82 and 157 Suppurative Deep-Tissue Infections Clostridia are frequently recovered from various suppurative conditions in conjunction with other anaerobic and aerobic bacteria ... and adults in New Guinea A similar disease, darmbrand, was epidemic in Germany after World War II Clinical features of pigbel include acute abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, shock, and ... symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, and watery diarrhea usually lasting 12–24 h Fever and vomiting are uncommon Molecular methods including ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis have...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... the skin and soft tissue and is due to clostridia alone or with other bacteria There are no systemic signs of toxicity, although the infection may invade locally, producing necrosis These infections ... and tenderness in discrete areas (particularly the thigh and forearm), with the subsequent appearance of fluctuance and crepitance that require surgical drainage The unusual aspect of these infections ... local lesion may be quite innocuous and arises from an area involved by tumor or other infection and not by injury The systemic toxic effects include hemolysis and injury of capillary membranes...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... when probed with a scalpel When dissected, the muscle is beefy red and nonviable and can progress to become black, friable, and gangrenous It is important to establish a diagnosis early, preferably ... wound gas gangrene (in contrast to uterine infections) and, when it does appear, is almost invariably associated with hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, and septicemia Cases of clostridial myonecrosis ... sepsis and transient bacteremia C septicum, C sordellii, and C novyi account for most of the remainder of cases C sordellii sepsis with toxic shock syndrome has been associated with pregnancy and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... Epidemiological findings and medical, legal, and public health challenges of an investigation of severe soft tissue infections and deaths among injecting drug users—Ireland, 2000 Epidemiol Infect ... 2001–2005 MMWR 54:724, 2005 Lorber B: Gas gangrene and other Clostridium-associated diseases, in Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed, GL Mandell et al (eds) Philadelphia, Elsevier Churchill ... colitis, tetanus, and botulism are found in Chaps 123, 133, and 134, respectively b Perform sensitivity testing; consider desensitization In cases of penicillin sensitivity or allergy, other antibiotics...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... mixed infections with other agents[12,14] In a previous study, we found that multipathogen infection is not random but is related to specific agents Nonetheless, multiple infections of EBV/CMV and ... Coinfection of EBV/CMV with other pathogens Besides EBV and CMV, 162 patients had detectable specific IgM against the other 12 pathogens RSV, Adv, Flu A and B, PIV 1, 2, and 3, CP, MP, Haemophilus ... (IgM, IgG) to another 12 respiratory pathogens (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (Adv), influenza virus (Flu) types A and B, parainfluenza virus (PIV) types 1, 2, and 3, Chlamydia...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 01:22

... nasal congestion, cough, and sore throat Other manifestations, such as fever, malaise, sneezing, and hoarseness, are more variable, with fever more common among infants and young children Occasionally, ... examination are frequently nonspecific and unimpressive Between 0.5 and 2% of colds are complicated by secondary bacterial infections (e.g., rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and pneumonia), particularly in ... persons, and chronically ill patients Secondary bacterial infections are usually associated with a prolonged course of illness, increased severity of illness, and localization of signs and symptoms...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... alone and with bacteria—have been rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus Bacterial causes of sinusitis have been better described Among community-acquired cases, S pneumoniae and ... Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species Often, these infections are polymicrobial and involve organisms that are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics ... Absidia, and Cunninghamella These infections usually occur in diabetic patients with ketoacidosis but also develop in transplant recipients, patients with hematologic malignancies, and patients...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement, 2001; Hickner et al, 2001; Piccirillo, 2004; and Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership, 2004 The clinical history and/ or setting can often ... retroorbital or periorbital pain Nasopharyngeal ulcerations, epistaxis, and headaches are also frequent, and involvement of cranial nerves V and VII has been described in more advanced cases Bony erosion ... particularly when the infection has spread to the orbits and cavernous sinus Signs such as orbital swelling and cellulitis, proptosis, ptosis, and decreased extraocular movement are common, as is...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... conduct endoscopic examinations and obtain tissue samples for histologic examination and culture Chronic fungal sinusitis is a disease of immunocompetent hosts and is usually noninvasive, although ... in these patients, with no need for antifungal therapy Another form of disease presents with long-standing, often unilateral symptoms and opacification of a single sinus on imaging studies as ... with either bacteria or fungi, and clinical cure in most cases is very difficult Many patients have undergone treatment with repeated courses of antibacterial agents and multiple sinus surgeries,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... swelling, and extreme tenderness of the pinna, although the lobule is less often involved in perichondritis The most common pathogens are P aeruginosa and S aureus, although other gram-negative and ... Treatment consists of warm compresses and oral antibiotics such as dicloxacillin that are active against typical skin and soft tissue pathogens (specifically, S aureus and streptococci) IV antibiotics, ... of heat, retained moisture, and desquamation and maceration of the epithelium of the outer ear canal The disease exists in several forms: localized, diffuse, chronic, and invasive All forms are...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... weeks to months, and often is difficult to distinguish from a severe case of chronic otitis externa because of the presence of purulent otorrhea and an erythematous swollen ear and external canal ... near the junction of bone and cartilage If left unchecked, the infection can migrate to the base of the skull (resulting in skull-base osteomyelitis) and on to the meninges and brain, with a high ... usually affected first and most often Thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus can occur if the infection extends to that area CT, which can reveal osseous erosion of the temporal bone and skull base, can...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... inflammation of the upper respiratory mucosa (e.g., during examination of young children) Other signs and symptoms that are occasionally reported include vertigo, nystagmus, and tinnitus Acute Otitis ... one-third of H influenzae isolates, and nearly all M catarrhalis isolates, outcome studies continue to find that amoxicillin is as successful as any other agent, and it remains the drug of first ... the cost of the drug and the high likelihood of colonization with antibiotic-resistant pathogens Other approaches, including placement of tympanostomy tubes, adenoidectomy, and tonsillectomy plus...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... keratinaceous debris (cholesteatoma) at the site of invasion This mass can enlarge and has the potential to erode bone and promote further infection, which can lead to meningitis, brain abscess, or ... connect with the middle ear, the process of fluid collection and infection is usually the same in the mastoid as in the middle ear Early and frequent treatment of acute otitis media is most likely ... in erosion of the surrounding bone and the formation of abscess-like cavities that are usually evident on CT Patients typically present with pain, erythema, and swelling of the mastoid process...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... erythematous rash and strawberry tongue The other types of acute bacterial pharyngitis (e.g., gonococcal, diphtherial, and yersinial) often present as exudative pharyngitis with or without other clinical ... herpes simplex virus (HSV) types and 2, coxsackievirus A, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Acute HIV infection can present as acute pharyngitis and should be considered in high-risk ... enterocolitica, and Treponema pallidum (in secondary syphilis) Anaerobic bacteria can also cause acute pharyngitis (Vincent's angina) and can contribute to more serious polymicrobial infections, ...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... 1998 Cultures and rapid diagnostic tests for other causes of acute pharyngitis, such as influenza virus, adenovirus, HSV, EBV, CMV, and M pneumoniae, are available in some locations and can be used ... A streptococci The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American College of Physicians, and the American Academy of Family Physicians not ... antigen-detection test, however, given the lower prevalence and smaller benefit in this age group Table 31-3 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pharyngitis Age Diagnostic Criteria...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... often needed for primary infections, extensive oral infections, and infections in immunocompromised patients Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) is caused by a variety of Candida species, most often ... needle aspiration or incision and drainage Oral Infections Aside from periodontal disease such as gingivitis, infections of the oral cavity most commonly involve HSV or Candida species In addition ... that involves the sublingual and submandibular spaces and that typically originates from an infected or recently extracted tooth, most commonly the lower second and third molars Improved dental...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... caused predominantly by respiratory viruses, these symptoms usually occur in association with other symptoms and signs of URI, including rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, and sore throat Direct ... Histoplasma and Blastomyces may cause laryngitis, often as a complication of systemic infection Candida species can cause laryngitis as well, often in association with thrush or esophagitis and particularly ... progressive cellulitis of the epiglottis and adjacent structures that can result in complete and potentially fatal—airway obstruction in both children and adults Before the widespread use of H...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... neck are the submandibular (and sublingual) space, the lateral pharyngeal (or parapharyngeal) space, and the retropharyngeal space These spaces communicate with one another and with other important ... influenzae Infections of the Deep Neck Structures Deep neck infections are usually extensions of infection from other primary sites, most often within the pharynx or oral cavity Many of these infections ... approach may be risky and probably should be reserved only for adult patients who have yet to develop dyspnea or stridor Once the airway has been secured and specimens of blood and epiglottis tissue...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21