treatment of pharmaceuticals in drinking water and wastewater

... resist wastewater treatment and that were found in drinking water, such as clofibric acid, iopromide, carbamazepine, diclofenac, and ibuprofen 10.3 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT A conventional surface water ... (11) Ketoprofen Naproxen Surface Water (µg/L) 10 1.2 2.7 0.12 Groundwater (µg/L) (7) (6) Drinking Water (µg/L) Drugs in Drinking Water TABLE 10.1 Pharmaceuticals Sold in Germany, Wastewater Removal ... 127–134 Ye, Z., Weinberg, H.S., and Meyer, M.T Occurence of antibiotics in drinking water, 4th International Conference on Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water, Minneapolis,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... cadmium in drinking water The study involved exposure of male and female rats to cadmium chloride in drinking water, from the beginning of gestation, through postnatal growth and maturation and one ... using the urinary excretion of retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, β2microglobulin, aminoacids, and calcium as markers of renal tubular dysfunction Cadmium CADMIUM in Drinking ... nephrotoxicity is the basis of the PHG INTRODUCTION Cadmium enters drinking water mainly as an industrial pollutant Individuals who consume cadmium in their drinking water over the course of many years are...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:22

... procedures for determination of organic compounds in finished drinking water, source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage The method is applicable to a wide range of organic compounds ... portion of the sample into the solvent reservoir The water sample will drain into the cartridge, and from the exit into the suction flask Maintain the packing material in the cartridge immersed in water ... Ais = integrated abundance of the quantitation ion of the internal standard in the sample Qis = total quantity (in micrograms) of internal standard added to the water sample V = original water...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... world facing increasing population, dwindling supplies of fresh water, and increased pollution of existing water supplies The list of courageous individuals and groups who are addressing, in their ... installed in this zone to pump the water to be used for drinking The purity of this water and its suitability for drinking is outstanding, even in examples where there is an event that introduces ... role in improving the quality of percolating water After a certain zone of mixing and reducing, the infiltrated water is at its cleanest: almost all river contaminants are removed Wells are installed...

Ngày tải lên: 30/05/2014, 22:56

... of a line of particle counting equipment from inception, including some of the circuit design and engineering Mr Broadwell provides independent consultation for particle counting technology and ... and product manager for drinking water treatment, during which time he worked with treatment plants and consulting engineers in all but a half dozen states in the U.S In addition to extensive ... area of application It is my intent to provide in this book a comprehensive yet practical guide to understanding the technology of particle counting and its application to drinking water treatment...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... to that of conventional water treatment, and particle counters are used in the same manner The particle loading in wastewater filtration is less consistent, resulting in filter runs of varying length ... within the scope of this book, it might be of interest to look briefly at some of the potential applications for particle counters in wastewater treatment Standard wastewater is too high in concentration ... for standard drinking water treatment It is therefore no surprise that particle counting technology has been so quickly embraced in the industry, in spite of the technological shortcomings B...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... within its flow range, and has the capability of reading an analog input signal See Figure 3.3 d Determining the Best Approach There is no easy fix for maintaining optimal sample flow outside of intelligent ... computer interfacing will have to be handled by someone with more specialized training Data handling and computer maintenance will be discussed in the sections of the book related to that subject Maintenance ... 1:46 PM INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE 35 Practical Considerations In most cases, less-than-ideal conditions exist for choosing tap locations and minimizing sample line lengths For instance,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... goal of particle counting for drinking water treatment; that is, continual optimization of water quality It is also necessary to gauge the commitment of plant management and of the operations and ... capabilities and resources of the individual drinking water treatment plant None of the information presented here is intended to be specific to any brand or product Those details are presented in Part ... individual data points into context, and provide a sensible framework for interpreting unexpected changes in that data The importance of trend displays to understanding and using particle counters...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... considerations are becoming less valid as particle counting technology becomes more and more prominent in drinking water treatment Costs have dropped a great deal in the few short years since particle ... synthetic tubing Particles from previous samples can collect on the outside and inside of this tubing, skewing the resulting data The outside of this tubing should be rinsed with particle-free water, ... understanding of how particle counters work and how they are used in drinking water treatment © 2001 by CRC Press LLC L1306/frame/pt01 Page 71 Friday, June 23, 2000 1:46 PM GRAB SAMPLING 71 b...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... structure of the flow cell windows cause minute scattering and blurring of the laser light source The combination of all these factors results in a noise level that can be observed and measured ... relation to calibration and other issues D COINCIDENCE Coincidence was discussed in Chapter in relation to sample dilution Basically, it is the “coincidence” of two or more particles in the sensor view ... ranging in size from 4.5 to 5.5 µm could be measured as µm in size Resolution measurement is a somewhat sticky subject in the particle counter industry It will be discussed in further detail in...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... increase the problems with reflections Stainless steel flow cells cannot be coated in this way, and thus require finer alignment to minimize reflections C SAMPLE FITTINGS A variety of sample fittings ... imperfections in the material diffuse the light and are a source of resolution and sizing error Quartz may have fewer imperfections as far as optical quality is concerned It is a softer material ... softer material than sapphire, and thus can be bored and polished to create the single window piece This softness accounts for the fact that it can be scratched from cleaning, or from contact with...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... applications in drinking water treatment The PHA is used to provide a histogram of all the particles in a given volume of water A “histogram” is a sort of graphical history of the particles present in ... will begin a presentation of the types of counters available with the simplest, and move up in complexity from there The output of the counter electronics will either be in the form of a to 20 ... for computer interface As each of these is discussed in detail elsewhere in the book, the present discussion will focus on the counting function of these circuits Particles passing through the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... FEATURES 95 As outlined above, the number and location of the analog inputs should be sufficient for all required instruments, and convenient for installation A spare input can come in handy for future ... these inputs, and to 20 mA particle counters would have no use for them The number of analog inputs provided will vary from unit to unit Certainly turbidity and loss -of- head are useful inputs and ... transmitting instrument, and connected to different receiving instruments Ground loops may result in offsets, which create erroneous signals Output Scaling Particle counters provide various means of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... in the form of to 20 mA current loops Serial interfaces are becoming more common, with the growing complexity of newer instruments and the need for greater accuracy Most of the major SCADA software ... compatibility of data transfer have resulted in the development of OPC (OLE for Process Control) OPC is an industry standard put together by leading providers of instrumentation and control systems in collaboration ... continuously since the data are only updated every minute or so Remote Programming Most of the particle counters currently in production allow remote programming of particle size ranges and other...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... encased in a protective plastic shell They are inexpensive, and can hold about 1.4 MB (million bytes) of data in the standard 3.5-inch format The increasing size of software applications and the ... opposed to typing in text commands.) The earlier versions of Windows (3.1 and 3.11) are designed to process data in 16-bit words, and the more recent Windows 95/98/2000 versions and Windows NT systems ... motherboard b Mouse and Keyboard The mouse and keyboard are the means of controlling and inputting data into the computer Several types of mice and keyboards are available, most providing different...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... always the likelihood of water being spilled on it during the cleaning As anyone who has worked with water and instruments can tell you, water always seems to get on any and everything Particle counters ... the standpoint of access to wiring terminals, which will simplify installation and removal Sensor Characteristics The particle counting sensor is the heart of the system In addition to providing ... leaks and hazards Passing the sample into the enclosure means that the enclosure must be opened for the sensor to be cleaned As cleaning involves removing and reconnecting the sample inlet tubing,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... easier to contaminate the cell windows The tubing may need to be replaced more often As was the case for the online units, cell cleaning involves removing and reinstalling sample tubing to the sensor, ... purchased for water treatment applications now that the much less expensive portable units are available Several of them are still in use in drinking water plants, so a brief description of the sample ... need cleaning with intermittent use If the window surfaces dry off, it is possible for water spots to form, affecting the optical clarity of the cell With many different types of samples being run...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... a significant increase in the cost of the units F FIELD VERIFICATION OF CALIBRATION One area of increasing relevance is that of field verification Although the cost and complexity of in- house calibration ... operation of the particle counter for both counting and sizing accuracy A brief description of each method is outlined below Size Verification This test involves the introduction of PSL spheres in a ... through the sensors while operating online in the plant The second involves running a grab sampler as a calibrated standard Currently in development is a count and size standard solution that can be...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... current manufacturers offering particle counting equipment in the drinking water industry are Met One, Chemtrac, Hach, IBR, Art Instruments, and ATI ATI is a drinking water instrument manufacturer ... marketing in the water treatment industry In the biggest “off-field” development in the particle counting industry, around the end of 1995, Pacific Scientific Instruments, the parent company of Hiac ... Department of Justice forced Pacific Scientific Instruments to sell off the Hiac Royco water treatment particle counting product line to another manufacturer, to prevent a “monopoly” in the drinking water...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... ARTI offers two sensors for drinking water application Each employs a standard aluminum flow cell housing with a monolithic fused silica flow cell with an antireflective coating The WPC 2000 is designed ... fittings on the sensor, which is located inside the NEMA enclosure Short lengths of tubing are then run from the sensor inlet and outlet to nylon quick-disconnect fittings mounted on the walls of ... than those found in drinking water plants The same fittings are used on the older Met One sensors designed for the same purpose ARTI employs nylon twist-lock fittings for smooth internal flow passages...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20