towards a legal framework for europe s integrated administration

... multiple analyses are disambiguated (3-3), the surface analysis of (3-2), is analyzed as (4-5) This enables an adequate English translation (4-8) instead of an inappropriate literal translation ... [HEARER ?HEARER] [RESTRS ([[RELN EMPATHY-DEGREE[ [STAN ?SPEAKER] [MORE ?Xl] [LESS ?XZ]]}]]]]) The surface analysis result such as (3-3) serves as an input to plan schemata called IFTSchemata that identify ... translation procedure As a grammar for surface-level analysis, we have adopted HPSG (Pollard and Sag 1987) and JSPG (Gunji 1987), that is a modification of the former for dealing with Japanese...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... Usages and Population ASEAN 2005 INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION IN ASIA ASIA Population (2005 Est.) Internet Internet Users, Users, (Year 2000) Latest Data Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar ... assess the relative state of e-readiness among ASEAN members The basis for the assessment was Infrastructure, e-Society, e-Commerce and e-Government Figure below represents this and the basis ... It is suggested that harmonisation of laws that follow international standards and best practices through adoption of a Model Code for e-transaction is a necessary step towards its efforts in...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2015, 19:01

... based solution has low scalability and low adaptability while Text Information Retrieval based solution has high scalability but low adaptability As a result, another approach has been proposed ... probabilistic framework to Vietnamese Real Estate domain and have a satisfactory result 1.4 Chapter summary This chapter brought an overview of web-page problem and its disadvantages, as a result, motivating ... pages she needs Moreover, some professors in “biology” may be ranked higher than some “databases” professors and some professor s homepages are ranked lower than some news article about themselves...

Ngày tải lên: 23/11/2012, 15:04

... analysis: class structure, class location, class interests, class experiences, class consciousness, class formation, class practices and class struggles Some of these concepts, especially class structure, ... limits imposed by class locations Individual class practices 7transforms? class locations The most obvious sense in which an individual 's class practices can transform that individual 's class location ... struggles to transform class structures since they bear on the class powers of capitalists and workers Class struggles 7transforms? class formations Class struggles are not simply over the material...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20

... behavioral solution, that is, a solution that asks people to make voluntary sacrifices Finally, education is similar to what Rasmuson and colleagues (1988) define as health communications, that ... In still other cases, law is used to create marketing exchanges When the law is used to set up voluntary programs such as Head Start, such action is categorized as marketing Law (herein) is used ... manipulates behavior A third view is that marketing assesses the individual 's self-interest and makes behavioral opportunities available that satisfy that self-interest; in the resulting exchange,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 02:20

... in SNoW (Roth, 1998; Carlson et al., 1999), a multi-class classifier that is tailored for large scale learning tasks and has been used successfully in a large number of NLP tasks (e.g., (Punyakanok ... annotated data set and to Vasin Punyakanok for useful comments and suggestions This research is supported by the Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA) s Advanced Question Answering for Intelligence ... well for long Further Work and Conclusion We have addressed the problem of using learned classifiers in a pipeline fashion, where a task is decomposed into several stages and stage classifiers are...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... what translating and summarizing means, one can arguably suggest that a translation is some “as-faithful-as-possible” rendering of some given input, whereas a summary is some “as-compact-as-possible” ... The coverage of a summary was measured by comparing a system s units versus the units of a reference summary, and assessing whether each system unit expresses all, most, some, hardly any, or none ... evaluated and similar p/r ratio as the evaluation package used by the human assessors For example, an application with a high f/c ratio, evaluated using a low p/r ratio evaluation guideline package (an...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 16:20

... terms are regarded as separate utterances At changes of speaker, the new speaker may: 1) add to what the first speaker has said, 2) start a new utterance, or 3) continue an utterance that was left ... dialog is a series of "utterances" and a dialog interpretation is a series of parse trees and logical forms, one for each successive utterance Such a view either disallows editing terms, repairs, ... recognizer rather than transcribed utterances Conclusions Traditionally, dialog has been treated as a series of single speaker utterances, with no systematic allowance for speech repairs and editing...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... discussed issue of what c,mstitutes a representatitve corpus for statistical linguistic analysis Since specific subject matters and communicative functions vary in importance for different speakers ... vocabulary serving as a base for applying semantic criteria, becat, se the overall core vocabulary was envisaged to have a size of approx 1500 words Inspection shows that many intuitively basic ... of a varicty of texts may be extremely small, the successive losening of rcstrictimls used here allows for a balanced extension of this very smaU core The list//3 was chosen as the statistical...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... Shieber and his colleagues takes a realisable A- calculus expression and uses their syntactic/semantic rules "backwards" to generate appropriate text Their emphasis is on controlling the way these ... be generated Tibia is true of all NL s! /stems that translate from a natural language into some formal representation language For any such system, only a fraction of the possible sentences of the ... realise some chosen message as NL text, rather than with how to decide what message we want realised The two are not entirely separable, but we have little to say about "strategic" tasks such as...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... Wordnet::Similarity - Measuring the Relatedness of Concepts In Daniel Marcu Susan Dumais and Salim Roukos, editors, HLT-NAACL 2004: Demonstration Papers, pages 38–41, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, May ... lexical sample format, which is an XML–based format that has been used for both the S ENSEVAL -2 and S ENSEVAL -3 exercises A file in this format includes a number of instances, each one made up ... Computational Linguistics (ACL’04), Main Volume, pages 279–286, Barcelona, Spain, July S Patwardhan, S Banerjee, and T Pedersen 2003 Using measures of semantic relatedness for word sense disambiguation...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... S E V A L exercise is applicable to phrase structure analyses only, and cannot be applied to dependency-style analyses or lexical parsing frameworks such as finite-state constraint parsers As ... defines, using XML schemas, XSLT scripts, and XSL style sheets, the project-specific XML format for syntactic annotations The specifications may include: • Data category instantiation styles: Data ... of an abstract format that puts a layer of abstraction between site-specific annotation schemes and standard specifications; and creation of a Data Category Registry to provide a reference set...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:20

... 1988 Multi-dimensional compositional functions as a basis for grammatical analysis In R T Oehrle, E Bach, and D Wheeler, editors, Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures, D Reidel, Dordrecht, ... the sources of grammatical (g sign) and semantic (s sign) properties, respectively These properties include agreement features such as person, number, and possessive, and selectional re- strictions: ... m a t i o n S t r u c t u r e and Tactical Constraints Entries in the eategorial lexicon have tactical constraints, grammatical and semantic features, and phonological representation Similar...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... this difficult but important issue Limitations and Constraints The project has shown the many shortcomings in the existing databases and systems for collection, collation, analysis and dissemination ... influences is an important dimension of these issues The relationship between environmental factors and health is complex Many diseases have multifactorial causes and the influence of lifestyles and social ... maintain a healthy and diverse ecosystem Effective environmental protection, in its widest sense, provides a framework for many of these aspirations, as part of enlightened and sustainable socioeconomic...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 19:20

... units of analysis were sentences) These results are summarized in Table As metrics are computed As no development dataset was available for this particular task, a subset of the same evaluation ... 2007, and human evaluation data is not freely available from MetricsMATR In this dataset, translation outputs are available for fourteen tasks involving five European languages: English (EN), Spanish ... Table 1: Domain, source language, target language, system outputs and total amount of sentence translations (with both adequacy and fluency human assessments) included in the WMT-07 dataset Semantic...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... syntactical phenomena as broad as possible in order to allow any parser to participate, whatever the grammatical formalism it uses We have decided immediately upon a twosteps annotation: first ... They are as small as possible to allow any segmentation chosen by a parser to be converted into our formalism For the same reason, the information that is not expressed in the constituents is expressed ... gave a survey and proposed a new evaluation scheme Since, two orientations have emerged The first, inspired by Parseval, is based on phrase boundaries and uses recall plus crossing-bracket measures...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... statistical basement of all thermodynamic relations appeared Nevertheless, it is necessary to note that, despite all these discussions about determinism and randomness, metasystemic properties ... a holistic image to be able to grasp the sense of complex systems such as ecosystems and social systems It is today considered by many scientists the greatest challenge of science in the XXIst ... are the volume fractions of each subsystem in the total system We can see that the total density is a mean of subsystem densities Generally speaking, we can say that the system state (in relation...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 01:20

... receiving bank s name and address, SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) address, and ABA (American Banking Association) number, as well as the seller s name and address, ... dditional costs associated with risk mitigation A measures • Ex–Im Bank s EWC loan is available to all U .S busi­ nesses, including small and medium-sized exporters, and has credit lines of all sizes ... account terms to remain competitive Cons • Generally available only to SMEs with access to strong personal guarantees, assets, or high-value receivables • Additional costs associated with risk...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:21

... individuals Among those who have not seen sexual images on websites some 8% have seen websites with hate messages but amongst those who have seen sexual images on websites some 31% have seen websites ... their profile set to public By contrast, in the larger European countries (France, Germany, Spain, UK), it appears that safety awareness messages have resulted in safer SNS practices among children ... seen sexual images or race hate messages online, by country20 % Hate messages that attack certain groups or individuals Our survey19 shows that 23% of 9-16 year olds have seen sexual images in...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 20:20

... classied into two major categories, one for segmenting languages and another for non-segmenting languages Segmenting languages, such as latin-based languages, use delimiting characters to separate ... for non-segmenting languages is highly active for Chinese and Japanese Many approaches have been proposed and experimented with Asahara and Matsumoto (2004) proposed a technique of SVM-based chunking ... least times The plot also shows the comparison among three approaches of string pattern-matching Figure summarizes the accuracy results of each string pattern-matching approach by taking the average...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 01:20