time scale and scope of bacterial response variables

... in Wonderland New York: New American Library, 1960 Readers can learn a great deal about the nature of language if they can figure out precisely why Alice and the creatures of Wonderland continually ... Bản chất phạm vi Logic Nature and Scope of Logic Phiên Dịch: Vũ Thắng Bất kỳ đọc sách quen thuộc với việc tranh cãi dường hồi kết trí ... Doubleday Anchor Book, 1973 An account by an American anthropologist and linguist of how we "talk" to each other without the use of words Edward T.Hall Ngôn ngữ không lời New York: Doubleday Anchor,...

Ngày tải lên: 27/12/2013, 16:54

... Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited ... without permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited ... without permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 02:20

... Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Probability, Random Variables, and Random Processes Hwei P Hsu, Ph.D Professor of Electrical Engineering Fairleigh Dickinson University Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill ... Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1997[/DP]End of Citation Preface The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to principles of probability, random variables, and random ... Maureen Walker Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hsu, Hwei P (Hwei Piao), date Schaum's outline of theory and problems of probability, random variables, and random processes / Hwei...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 16:25

... the work of professionals located in remote hospital central system; (iii) the real -time audio and video connection allows for a better understanding of the actual situations and feelings of patients ... connection and database storage has been described The system makes use of real -time audio/video and medical parameters transmission and storage, in order to provide reliable and timely data ... and Electronic Engineering at the University of Genova, Italy Current research areas are HW/SW codesign of programmable electronic systems for real -time acquisition and processing of images and...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... The mechanisms of action of the antibacterial agents to be discussed in this section are summarized in Table 127-1 and are depicted in Fig 127-1 Table 127-1 Mechanisms of Action of and Resistance ... Classes of Antibacterial Agents Let ter Antibacterial for Agenta Mechani Major or Cellular sm of Action Mechanisms Target Fig 127-1 A Maj of Resistance β-Lactams (penicillins cephalosporins) Cell and ... representatives for the class Figure 127-1 Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antibacterial agents Black lines trace the routes of drug interaction wit h bacterial cells, from entry to target site...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... any stage of the synthesis, export, assembly, or cross-linking of peptidoglycan lead to inhibition of bacterial cell growth and, in most cases, to cell death Peptidoglycan is composed of (1) a ... course of cell growth In the presence of antibacterial agents that inhibit cell-wall growth, autolysis proceeds without normal cell-wall repair; weakness and eventual cellular lysis occur Antibacterial ... of (1) a backbone of two alternating sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; (2) a chain of four amino acids that extends down from the backbone (stem peptides); and (3) a peptide...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... purines, and several amino acids Inhibition of folate synthesis leads to cessation of bacterial cell growth and, in some cases, to bacterial cell death The principal antibacterial antimetabolites ... by competing with bacterial isoleucine for its binding site on the enzyme and depleting cellular stores of isoleucine-charged tRNA Inhibition of Bacterial Metabolism The antimetabolites are all ... blocks the initiation of protein synthesis Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline) and glycylcyclines (tigecycline) consist of four aromatic rings...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... including nalidixic acid and its fluorinated derivatives (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin), are synthetic compounds that inhibit the activity of the A subunit of the bacterial enzyme DNA ... the action of antimicrobial agents are inactivation of the compound, alteration or overproduction of the antibacterial target through mutation of the target protein's gene, acquisition of a new ... DNA gyrase and topoisomerases are responsible for negative supercoiling of DNA—an essential conformation for DNA replication in the intact cell Inhibition of the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides The most prevalent mechanism of resistance to trimethoprim and the sulfonamides in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is the acquisition of plasmid-encoded ... efflux of macrolides, and staphylococci can cause the efflux of macrolides, clindamycin, and streptogramin A Ketolides such as telithromycin retain activity against most isolates of Streptococcus ... dihydrofolate reductase for trimethoprim and an altered dihydropteroate synthetase for sulfonamides Quinolones The most common mechanism of resistance to quinolones is the development of one...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... pharmacokinetic profile of an antibacterial agent refers to concentrations in serum and tissue versus time and reflects the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Important ... virtue of the acquisition of new genes include hospital-associated strains of gram-negative bacteria, enterococci, and staphylococci and community-acquired strains of salmonellae, gonococci, and ... porins and efflux proteins of gram-negative bacteria These mutations decrease bacterial intracellular and periplasmic accumulation of βlactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... elimination), by renal excretion of the unchanged or metabolized form, or by a combination of the two processes For most of the antibacterial drugs, metabolism leads to loss of in vitro activity, although ... rifampin, and clarithromycin, have bioactive metabolites that may contribute to their overall efficacy The most practical application of information on the mode of excretion of an antibacterial ... metronidazole, chloramphenicol, rifampin, TMP-SMX, and quinolones penetrate cells well Metabolism and Elimination Like other drugs, antibacterial agents are disposed of by hepatic elimination (metabolism...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... pharmacokinetic and adverse-reaction profile of active compounds, the site of infection, the immune status of the host, and evidence of efficacy from wellperformed clinical ... relationships between the time course of antibiotic concentrations in serum and tissue, in vitro susceptibility (MIC), and microbial response (inhibition of growth or rate of killing) Three pharmacodynamic ... (Cmax/MIC), the ratio of the area under the serum concentration vs time curve to MIC (AUC/MIC), and the time that serum concentrations exceed the MIC (t > MIC) The pharmacodynamic profile of an antibiotic...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... use of a single agent with a narrow spectrum of activity against the pathogen diminishes the alteration of normal flora and thus limits the overgrowth of resistant nosocomial organisms (e.g., Candida ... toxicity of multiple-drug regimens, and reduces cost However, certain circumstances call for the use of more than one antibacterial agent These are summarized below Prevention of the emergence of resistant ... Nitrofurantoin is often active against VRE and is a less expensive alternative to linezolid for the treatment of lower UTIs Combination Chemotherapy One of the tenets of antibacterial chemotherapy is that...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... increases the risk of toxicity of certain antibacterial drugs for the mother (e.g., hepatic toxicity of tetracycline), affects drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, and because of the risk of fetal toxicity—severely ... choice of agent is guided by the results of studies identifying the usual pathogens at that site or in that clinical setting, by pharmacodynamic considerations, and by the resistance profile of the ... re-treatment Choice of Antibacterial Therapy Infections for which specific antibacterial agents are among the drugs of choice are detailed in Table 127-6 No attempt has been made to include all of the potential...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... antibacterial drugs are listed in Table 127-7 For further discussion of adverse drug reactions, see Chap Table 127-7 Most Clinically Relevant Adverse Reactions to Common Antibacterial Drugs ... Drug Adverse Event Comments β-Lactams Allergies in ~1– Cephalosporin 4% of treatment courses s cause allergy in 2– 4% of penicillin- allergic patients Aztreonam is safe in β-lactam–allergic patients ... Monitor serum creatinine every 2–3 days Ototoxicity (often irreversible) Risk factors similar to those for nephrotoxicity; both vestibular and hearing toxicities Macrolides/ketolides Gastrointestinal...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... macrolide antibiotics and quinupristin/dalfopristin inhibit the same human metabolic enzyme, CYP3A4, and similar interactions are anticipated d Ciprofloxacin only Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin not ... important consequences; = an interaction of uncertain frequency but of potential clinical importance b Lovastatin and simvastatin are most affected; pravastatin and atorvastatin are less prone to clinically ... Table 127-8 Interactions of Antibacterial Agents with Other Drugs Antibiotic Interacts with Potential Consequence (Clinical...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... to avoid alcohol Inhibition of the metabolism of warfarin by metronidazole leads to significant rises in prothrombin times Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections Antibacterial agents are occasionally ... Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections in Adults Condition Antibacterial Agent Timing or Durationof Prophylaxis Nonsurgical Cardiac susceptible to lesions bacterial Amoxicillina Before and after procedures ... Topical combinations and subconjunctival cefazolin During and at end of procedure Clean-contaminated Cefazolin (or clindamycin (head and neck, high-risk for head and neck) Before and during procedure...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... (prosthetic-valve and joint infections), relapsing pseudomembranous colitis Mechanisms to Optimize Antimicrobial Use Antibiotic use is often not "rational," and it is easy to understand why The diagnosis of bacterial ... Re-treatment of infections for which therapy has failed usually requires a prolonged course (>4 weeks) with combinations of antibacterial agents Table 127-10 Duration of Therapy for Bacterial Infections ... medication's side effects and encourage the selection of resistant bacteria The art of treating bacterial infections lies in the ability to determine the appropriate duration of therapy for infections...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... -3’) and a reverse primer (5’-AAG GCA TGT ATG TTG GCC TC-3’) The reaction mixture of 25 μL contained 50 ng of genomic DNA, 0.5 μL of each primer, 12.5 μL of the green master mix, and 1.5-9.5 μL of ... CT and TT) and alleles (C and T) with patient’s baseline characteristics including patient’s age, gender, specimen histology, stage of the disease and presence or absence of B-symptoms (Table and ... stage and presence or absence of Bsymptoms (Table 5) None of these factors were associated with clinical response in HL patients (P value > 0.05) Table shows the genotype and allele frequencies of...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:21

... monitoring of the real -time movement of the tracer in living plants as a video camera might, but also quantitative analyses of the movement of the substance of interest by freely selecting a region of ... ROI of the roots were extracted for the quantitative analyses; and a time- course curve of Cd accumulation within the ROI was shown as the amounts of total Cd (pmol), consisting of the sums of ... Photograph of test plants The large dotted rectangle indicates the FOV of PETIS (b) Serial images of Cd movement (0–36 h) (c) Time course of Cd amounts in ROI-1 (shoot bases) (d) Time course of Cd...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21