time realizations are scaled and getting old

... driven by population growth and socioeconomic pressure, led to a progressive abandonment of the use of green manure (too expensive in terms of land and labor demand) and general switching to synthetic ... should be aware that the universe of potential perceptions and existing values is open and expanding As already observed in Chapter and as discussed again in the section on complex time in Chapter ... will affect the way the modelers select and define T and E.The reverse is also true: the definitions of T and E will affect the way C, A and O are perceived and individuated The result of this convergence...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... turbidity and acidity—that can be objectively assessed, most (such as nutritional status of households and communities, ratio of aggrading to degrading land area, and biodiversity and complexity) are ... cattle, but also sheep and goats) are the most important and are kept on the farm all year-round (Delgado, 1989) Hand hoeing, use of manure, intercropping, and sometimes mulching are common practices, ... indicators over time and space and in relation to each other Relationships between indicators are key to understanding ecosystem function and in relating cause to effect While the human and animal...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... of Tigoni Division are socioeconomic The village adjoins another, and both are sandwiched within two vast tea estates The land was part of one of the tea estates and was sold to a cooperative ... Checkland and Scholes (1990) Relationships among various institutions and interest groups were explored and depicted in rich pictures (Checkland, 1979a) In addition, root definitions (Checkland, ... perspectives, goals, and action plans; and (2) as tools for generating a common understanding of a problem situation and for negotiating some degree of consensus on goals and plans These are discussed...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... identification, and social maps Farming system and land use Sources and amount of incomes, types and amount of expenditure Sources, types, and quantities of goods and services bought or sold Relationships ... strategies Resource availability and distribution over time and space Disease and pest dynamics Yearly schedules of activities Yearly trends in climate, agriculture, and pests and diseases Triangulate ... meetings First, an awareness campaign was carried out in the selected areas through administration officials (chiefs and assistant chiefs) and in churches and markets using posters and presentations...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... high total degrees are 33, 19, and 26, with total degrees of 7, 6, and 6, respectively There are 12 sources (1, 3, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 32, 35, and 36) and sinks (5, 30, and 37) Of the six ... 10 that are weight dependent are the impacts of agrochemical use and crop diseases on vertices 3, 4, 5, 6, and Impacts are most sensitive to increases in the weights of arcs [11, 10] and [10, ... with high total degree are 13, 9, and 23 with total degrees of 11, 6, and 6, respectively Vertex 20 is the only sink (out-degree = 0), while vertices 7, 15, 26, 32, and 33 are sources (in-degree...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... systems can be made: the primary task system and the issue-based system (Checkland and Wilson, 1980) Primary task systems are ones in which the elements and relationships map on to real-world institutionalized ... targets and thresholds 5.2.3 Building Consensus, Compromise, and Collective Action The rich pictures and models were presented to the different groups or individuals first separately and then ... views and opinions of the facilitator on the problem situation Criticism of the models and depictions by the community and other stakeholders were therefore directed to the facilitator and not...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... validity, feasibility, and parsimony were assessed qualitatively The time- and holarchical scales were based on the target timescales and holarchical levels on the entire health and sustainability ... to spare some land for a cemetery in the village There were no dairy cattle then, and no one in the village had the need for a dip, but they spared some land for a dip They had no teachers, and ... goals, objectives, and values, and are guided by a list of desired qualities for an indicator Under this scheme, categories of measures that reflect the goals and values of the system are generated...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... level of unpredictability and further complicated by differential effects across scales and time spans Second, agroecosystems often have multiple, sometimes-competing goals, and the objective of the ... indicator data Using contrasts between point measurements and targets or thresholds, scenarios at different spatial and time spans can be re-created and evaluated relative to a set of goals Trends in ... twofold: (1) the incorporation of targets and thresholds in the process of categorizing the indicators, thus providing an intuitive interpretation, and (2) projection of data from the initial and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... of markets and demand for produce are other important issues, as evidenced by the abandonment of recommended farm enterprises (based on agroecological suitability), such as coffee and tea production ... holarchical scales are helpful for communities since development requires cooperation across households and villages and larger levels of organization, such as government and other agencies A ... results, in this context, are more likely to be adopted and sustained Furthermore, the various processes and steps of the framework increase community awareness, self-knowledge, and analytical skills...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems Technical improvements, such as geographical information systems and remote sensing, self-reporting systems, and automated and integrated ... communities often lack the capacity to develop and measure quantitative indicators, while researchers and policymakers lack the knowledge and mandate to make value-based judgments, it seems that ... incorporation of targets and thresholds in the process of categorizing the indicators, thus providing an intuitive interpretation, and (2) projection of data from the initial and subsequent measurements...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... 206 Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems Appendix 1: Questionnaire Used to Carry Out a Census of All the Land-Use Units in the Village © 2009 by Taylor ... LLC 207 208 Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems Appendix 2: Questionnaire Used for Indicator Measurement at the Land-Use Unit Level © 2009 by Taylor & Francis ... Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Appendices 211 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 212 Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... to flow control and pollution removal The application of BMPs facilities involves a variety of stakeholders in both the public and private arenas and therefore their development and design can ... and Environment (IJEE), Volume 2, Issue 5, 2011, pp.853-862 use/simplicity (time and effort required of the decision maker to reach a conclusion) and the understanding ability of the method are ... most known and widely used MCA techniques principally because of its simple and transparent computational procedure which is means low effort and time required to perform the analysis and because...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... environment for the farmers and government,  the  two  criteria,  which  are economic  profit  and environmental  impact,  will  be  assigned  the  highest  weight.  Other  objectives  are cost  and time of  ... diseases.  Finally,  the  impact  and area  of  impact  are important  for  the  aquaculture,  agriculture,  industries  and other  land  users.  Based  on  these  criteria  and the  preference  order, the following paragraph discusses how  ... develop in shrimp.   ‐  A2.2:  Wetland.  A  wetland  also  can  be  a  solution to Quang Tri Province. The wetland  is located near the shrimp ponds and consists  of soil with a certain slope and obstacles in it, ...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 12:20

... Constructs A and B Meshing and material properties ANSYS Workbench 10.0 was used to generate meshes For Construct A, the number of nodes and elements was 41098 and 29436 (Modular) and 33270 and 23744 ... nodes and elements was 52121 and 39423 (Modular) and 61577 and 45847 (Monoblock) Body elements included 10-node quadratic tetrahedrons for cortical bone, cancellous bone, and implants, and a ... Modular and Monoblock implants were developed, and strain and stress maps were generated for two constructs, A and B Construct A modeled a hip implant alone under axial forces of 700 and 2000...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... apnoea speakers are well understood Most of the more valuable information in this area can be found in Fox and Monoson’s work [12], a perceptual study in which skilled judges compared the voices ... were found in formant frequency and bandwidth values between apnoea and healthy groups In particular, the results of the formant frequency analysis showed that F1 and F2 values among the OSA group ... automatic speech recognition system We chose standard acoustic features and tested their discriminative power on normal and apnoea voices We chose to compare groups using Mann-Whitney U tests because...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... decrease in North America and Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, and to increase in Africa and South, West and Central Asia The full ... and ice, wind patterns, and clouds are all affected, and these in turn have an impact on human well-being by influencing factors such as water availability, agriculture and land use Both O3 and ... SO2 and CO2 emissions are hardly affected by the identified CH4 and BC measures, while NOX and other PM2.5 emissions are affected by the BC measures temperatures in the CO2 measures scenario are...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 19:20

... secondary optimization to a standardized form, clustered the standardized data, and generated a heat map The heat map allows many data sets to be clustered, visualized, and compared with each other in ... data point was first standardized by subtracting the mean of the data set from each data point and then dividing by the standard deviation of the data set Standardized and raw data for the secondary ... methods/outcomes for the 96 conditions and easy-to-use protocols for the evaluation of the results are lacking We therefore performed several simple, duplicate assays, and then compared their outcomes to determine...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... operating conditions are mild and sugar degradation is minimal, and no inhibitory compounds are formed Common alkali pretreatments studied are lime, ammonia percolation and ammonia fiber expansion ... is removed and hydrolyzed into monomers and solubilised lignin precipitates onto biomass [35] To maximize the recovery of xylose, lower temperatures (120ºC) and longer times (1hr) are required, ... lignification and ash content are direct indicators of quality of biomass feedstock As wheat straw leaves contain more ash than other components and nodes are high in lignin, while stems are richer...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... patient, update the HIV Care/ART card or prepare a referral form to HIV Care ❖ If HIV Care is available in your clinic, prepare the HIV Care/ART Card See Chronic HIV Care with ART and Prevention for ... persons who are not infected If you have both TB and HIV, it can be serious and sometimes life-threatening without proper diagnosis and treatment Treatment for HIV is becoming more available and can ... six IMAI and IMCI guideline modules relevant for HIV care: ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ IMAI Acute Care IMAI Chronic HIV Care with ARV Therapy and Prevention IMAI General Principles of Good Chronic Care IMAI...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:20