therapy for visceral pain scientific basis and practice aspects

... protocols for initiation, titration, and cessation of the most commonly used opioid medications It provides information on potential contraindications for opioid therapy for chronic pain and suggestions ... ATHENA-Opioid Therapy and made suggestions for revisions MC, CS, and JR analysed the Rules Document for concordance with the written CPG and made suggestions for revisions DW revised and upgraded ... local content experts, and the authors of the CPG for management of opioid therapy for chronic pain identified issues that arise in encoding a DSS and provided a mechanism for their resolution,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:22

... sources of leakage current, and each of these has a different dependence on both voltage and temperature [17] Understanding of the relation between leakage and both voltage and temperature requires ... current is due to band-to-band tunneling in the presence of high electric field and traps in the band gap If the electric field is high enough, carriers can simply tunnel across the band gap However, ... Core for Low-Power and High-Performance Applications,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol 36, pp 1599–1608, November 2001 [2] M Meijer, F Pessolano, and J P de Gyvez, “Limits to Performance...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... determine power-performance trade-offs and leakage reduction factors with AVS and ABB Each ring-oscillator uses minimum-sized standard-cell inverters as delay elements and a nand-2 gate for enabling ... Power and Frequency Tuning The ultimate use of the AVS and ABB schemes is for performance tuning with performance being the optimal combination of frequency and power, i.e the lowest power for ... Figure 2.5 Frequency scaling and tuning for the 65nm LP-CMOS ringo Let us now investigate the frequency-scaling and tuning ranges offered by AVS and ABB in 65nm LP-CMOS For this purpose, we determined...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... useful for power and delay tuning in the state-of-the-art CMOS technologies We observe the benefits of AVS primarily for low power and of ABB for performance tuning For instance, for a 65nm LP-CMOS, ... previous results for compensating process-dependent frequency and leakage spread The values for frequency, power supply voltage, and leakage current are plotted for reference and tuned process ... Nair, D Antoniadis, A Chandrakasan, and Vivek De, “Adaptive body bias for reducing impacts of die-to-die and within-die parameter variations on microprocessor frequency and leakage”, IEEE Solid-State...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... reduced, and forward body bias (in this example, NMOS forward body bias) can be applied to further increase the performance This combination reduces the guardband needed for maximum temperature and, ... proper logic levels for correct functionality IN−NOR OUT−NAND ,V 0.15 0.1 V V OUT−NAND ,V IN−NOR 0.2 0.05 0 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 Logic failure NAND NOR 0.05 V NAND NOR 0.1 0.15 ,V IN−NAND 0.2 OUT−NOR ... power for the FBB design at the same clock frequency When the adder is put into standby mode, ZBB is used for the core, and this results in a leakage reduction of 2× Total power savings for the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... energy References [1] V Gutnik and A Chandrakasan, “Embedded power supply for low-power DSP,” IEEE Trans VLSI Syst., vol 5, no 4, pp 425–435, Dec 1997 [2] A Sinha and A Chandrakasan, “Dynamic power ... analysis and optimization for VLSI: timing and power,” New York, Springer, pp 79–132, 2005 Chapter Adaptive Supply Voltage Delivery for U-DVS Systems 121 [11] B Zhai, S Hanson, D Blaauw, and D ... equation: V − VDD τN = BAT VDD τP (5.4) where τN and τP are the NMOS and PMOS ON-times and VBAT is the battery voltage Thus, by fixing τP, the values of τN for specific load voltages can be predetermined...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... essentially an FET wire; and NAND and NOR gate paths consisting of a series of 4-high NAND and 3-high NOR gates respectively Simulations were performed at two frequencies, F and F/3 where F was 4.5 ... important to understand these processes and their effect on the number and location of critical path monitors Chapter Sensors for Critical Path Monitoring 149 7.3.1 Process Variation Random, uncorrelated ... the capacitance/width of the drain, and Rw and Cw are the resistance and capacitance per unit length of the wire For buses, the value of l is large, while for dense logic, the value of l can...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... 0.2 0 -3 -2 -1 -3 ΔTWID, standard deviations -2 -1 ΔTWID, standard deviations Figure 9.4 PDFs and CDFs for ΔTWID Results are shown in Table 9.3, assuming a path delay standard deviation of 5% This ... delay-error detection and correction,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, pp 792–804, April 2006 Chapter Architectural Techniques for Adaptive Computing 205 [29] R Sproull, I Sutherland, and C Molnar, ... Blaauw, S.Kalaiselvam, K Lai, W.Ma, S Pant, C Tokunaga, S Das and D.Bull “RazorII: In-situ error detection and correction for PVT and SER tolerance,” International Solid-State Circuits Conference,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... and 1,000 million instructions and gathering statistics for 100 million more The one exception was 188.ammp, which finished too early Instead, it was fast-forwarded 200 million instructions and ... the effort, hardware, and power are expended on something which is rarely used Given random operands, the longest carry chain in an N-bit adder is O(N), but the average length is O(log2(N)); for ... the performance and causes it to be clocked at a lower speed One solution is to use some control scheme similar to those used for DVFS to decide whether a domain should actually be sped up and by...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... cache sleeping and methods for regulating the sleep voltage, as well as schemes for taking the cache into and out of sleep are discussed Finally, the chapter examines the yield and reliability, ... workloads, allowing hardware resources to be optimised for typical rather than very rare operand values, and they can adapt very flexibly (and continuously, rather than in discrete steps) to variable ... however, it can provide benefits and is another tool available to the designer Figure 10.7 Pipeline collapsing and losing latch stage Figure 10.8 Pipeline expanding and reinstating latch stage 244...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... it depends on an analog power measurement for the basis of its performance adaptability Systems that depend on a temperature measurement to adapt performance are subject to similar variability ... standpoint, both analog and architectural designs require similarly sized guard-bands (Adaptive Op Point, Figure 12.18) to guarantee power stays within limits Because of issues in testing and ... App Activity Code @ Pmax 1.20 No Adapt Op Point 1.10 1.00 Large Guardband for Power measurment variability Small Guardband for Test environment issues 0.90 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 Frequency...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... the effort, hardware, and power are expended on something which is rarely used Given random operands, the longest carry chain in an N-bit adder is O(N), but the average length is O(log2(N)); for ... cache sleeping and methods for regulating the sleep voltage, as well as schemes for taking the cache into and out of sleep are discussed Finally, the chapter examines the yield and reliability, ... propagation To speed them up requires considerable effort, and hence hardware, and hence energy is typically expended in fast carry logic of some form This ensures that the critical path – propagating...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... Chapter 11 Dynamic and Adaptive Techniques in SRAM Design 265 For example, the “wake” transistors must be turned on and off as the cache exits and enters sleep If the cache enters and exits sleep ... row-by-row 256 John J Wuu basis at the cost of area overhead.) A variation of this technique would disconnect the SL during both write and standby operations to achieve power savings, and connect the SL ... P1 and P1’ FETs clamp SramVSS at A1, while the matching P2 and P2’ FETs clamp SramVSS at A2 The resulting SramVSS is the lower of A1 and A2, producing Equation (11.1) Chapter 11 Dynamic and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... voltage, frequency, and thermal testing of the processor—this is known as “functional testing” Class testers and device handlers are very complex and expensive pieces of equipment that handle all of ... power supply shorts, shorts and opens on a limited number of I/O pads and basic functionality Basic functionality testing is performed through special test modes and “backdoor” features that ... each and every time a test runs passing or failing 12.2.2 Manufacturing Test Manufacturing production test is focused on screening for defects and the determination of the frequency, power, and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... Limitations and Guard-Banding In traditional testing, margin (also known as guard-band) is used to ensure reliable operation when the part is operating in less than ideal conditions Guard-bands are ... time, transistor performance degrades Adaptive circuit techniques are often used to enable reductions in these guard-bands For example, a part that can measure its own power and can react to it ... and VCO nonlinearities As a result, implementation details determine whether or not actual guard-banding is reduced In the case of power measurement on the Itanium 2, the sum of guard-bands for...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... algorithm Therefore, TPS® additionally offers methods for inverse treatment planning and biological RT treatment optimization for particle therapy In addition, steering parameters for scanned ion ... compared to approx 20 for standard IMRT Table summarizes dose-volume statistics for respective critical structures Figure 1, 2, and show an exemplary carbon ion and IMRT (Figure 4, 5, and 6) treatment ... Ebihara S, Konno A: Organizing Committee for the Working Group for Head -And- Neck Cancer Dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced head -and- neck cancer Int J Radiat Oncol...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

... withdrawn and the primary tumor alone is treated to 79,2 Gy V20 right and left lung and V25 both lungs is 49%, 22% and 26%, respectively V50 for the heart is 2% Peripheral tumor located lateral and ... proposed this method for head and neck, breast and craniospinal treatments With the availability of independently moving jaws asymmetric collimators were used to split the beam for head and neck patients ... for optimal MLC coverage and/ or to allow the insertion of a motorized wedge, all combinations of possibly adjacent jaws (x1/x2, x1/y1, x1/y2, y1/x2 and y1/y2) have to be tested On a monthly basis...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:20

... further information about the study was given over the telephone For those still interested after the telephone conversation, detailed written information and consent forms were sent and the person ... score of between 10 and 20 (first round of groups) or 10 and 24 (second round) and no reason for exclusion were considered eligible for the study PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represent mild, ... with other stressed women and being taught skills to cope better) helped participants and recruiters to understand and promote the groups The wide and inclusive criteria for the study helped to...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:22