... differently to these caps due to the short air pollutant lifetimes and dominance of northern over southern hemispheric emissions (Figs 4b and 4c) The northern hemisphere contributes the most to the global ... induced by the capping of SOx Note that these climate calculations in Figure omit the cooling effects ofthe CO2 reductions caused by the lessening ofthe inhibition ofthe land sink by ozone (Figure ... research was supported by the U.S Department of Energy, U.S National Science Foundation, andthe Industry Sponsors ofthe MIT Joint Program on theScienceand Policy of Global Change: Alstom Power...
... this planning the present monograph is entitled "The Scienceand Technology of Carbon Nanotubes" as the successive version of ref for the benefit of actual and potential researchers of these materials ... 1271 It would be of most importance to establish the controllability ofthe diameter andthe helical pitch in this kind of synthesis of SWCNT toward the development of novel kinds of electronic ... to further improve the process of catalytic synthesis and, in order to so, clarification ofthe mechanism of CNT growth is necessary to control the synthesis CNT can be synthesized by the chemical...
... characteristic ofthe communitarian, conservative and constitutionalist 23 24 The Ethics andPoliticsof Asylum realist strands of political theory.1 Writers in each of these strands have mostly ignored the ... a nationalist desires is based on the possession of land: not any land, but the historic land; the land of past generations, the land that saw the flowering ofthe nation’s genius’ (1979: 3; my ... refugees and others in need of protection (as defined by the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees andthe 1967 Protocol and a range of other human rights instruments) and trumpet the...
... calling the first Idols ofthe Tribe, the second Idols ofthe Den, the third Idols ofthe Market, the fourth Idols ofthe Theatre 40 The information of notions and axioms on the foundation of true ... Arithmetic is the first ofthe sciences andthe mother of safety.” BRANDEIS It is the aim of this little book to point the way to a new scienceand art thescienceand art of Human Engineering By ... disparity between the rapid progress ofthe natural and technological sciences on the one hand andthe slow progress ofthe metaphysical, so-called social “sciences” on the other hand, that sooner...
... toxicities, and side effects of conventional treatment Quality of evidence of safety and efficacy ofthe CAM treatment Degree of understanding ofthe risks and benefits of conventional and CAM treatments ... at the patient’s X-ray or MRI image, while factors such as the candy bars and coffee consumed all day long, the computer work station, the stress of work and home, or the grief over the loss of ... the parenchyma ofthe liver, and lung andthe nucleus pulposis The density of small-fiber distribution is not uniform throughout the tissue ofthe body, being greatest in the dermis and more scattered...
... functions of series of material and behavioural constraints, not the least of which is the enthusiasm of those at the grassroots, which in the case ofthe agricultural reforms means the farmers andthe ... enquiry into the debate about the choice ofthe reforms and their impact on economic performance is due The commonalities and differences ofthe nature of reform among East Asian, CEE, andthe CIS ... wealth andthe structures ofthe economies; the ways the different governments are organized—especially focusing on the degree of decentralization; andthe historical legacy of Socialism and the...
... on the establishment ofthe judicial system andthe reform ofthe civil service At the end of each chapter, the implications ofthe case for the influence of sovereignty norms on the policies of ... issues such as the role of civilians in conflict, the treatment of prisoners of war, andthe use of certain weapons, like the prohibition ofthe use of chemical or biological weapons The solidarist ... for the behaviour ofthe international community, the distinction between the domain ofthe state the political andthe domain of society—for example the private, the social, or the economic—remains...
... the thrust to the foot ofthe cantilever tower, andthe two sides ofthe towers balance each other The downward forces from the towers sit directly on and compress the foundations This idea of ... According to the latest theory the ‘critical number’ of people above which these wobbles will occur depends on the weight ofthe bridge, its natural frequency, andthe amount of damping (i.e the degree ... lengths of rope and pieces of steel or other materials used in a real bridge to find out how strong they are The internal force is acting all along the length ofthe rope from one ofthe teams to the...
... participated in the design ofthe study andthe statistical analysis BF, GM, TM and LB participated in the design and coordination ofthe study All authors read and approved the final manuscript ... 60%, then the number of infections averted increases, andthe net cost per infection decreases If the cost net of user fees of circumcision increases because of a higher discount rate, then the ... measure the long-term impact of increasing the prevalence ofmale circumcision Figure presents the number ofmale circumcisions performed for the "Base" scenario, where the current prevalence rate of...
... this planning the present monograph is entitled "The Scienceand Technology of Carbon Nanotubes" as the successive version of ref for the benefit of actual and potential researchers of these materials ... 1271 It would be of most importance to establish the controllability ofthe diameter andthe helical pitch in this kind of synthesis of SWCNT toward the development of novel kinds of electronic ... to further improve the process of catalytic synthesis and, in order to so, clarification ofthe mechanism of CNT growth is necessary to control the synthesis CNT can be synthesized by the chemical...
... this planning the present monograph is entitled "The Scienceand Technology of Carbon Nanotubes" as the successive version of ref for the benefit of actual and potential researchers of these materials ... 1271 It would be of most importance to establish the controllability ofthe diameter andthe helical pitch in this kind of synthesis of SWCNT toward the development of novel kinds of electronic ... to further improve the process of catalytic synthesis and, in order to so, clarification ofthe mechanism of CNT growth is necessary to control the synthesis CNT can be synthesized by the chemical...
... stroke: at the end ofthe intake stroke, both inlet and exhaust valves are closed The inertial action ofthe crankshaft in turn lifts the piston which compresses the mixture The ratio ofthe combustion ... openings in the bore wall The upward and downward motion ofthe piston simultaneously opens and closes these portholes The air-fuel mixture then goes in or out ofthe combustion chamber through the portholes ... rotation The combustion ofthe air-fuel mixture takes place in the chamber formed between the piston andthe cylinder head The piston then moves up and down in the cylinder via combustion pressure and...
... between the piston andthe cylinder bore is too narrow, then the expanded piston will touch the bore wall instantly If the clearance is too wide, it will cause blowby ofthe combustion gas when the ... 2.2, 2.27 and 2.40) The difference is in the shape ofthe coolant passages at the mating plane to the cylinder head The open deck type has a fully open coolant passage at the deck, whilst the closed ... should look not only at the surface, such as the hardness andthe coefficient of friction, but also the quality ofthe substrate on which the modification is implemented The castings must have...
... follows the uneven shape ofthe cylinder bore wall Both the distorted cylinder andthe swing motion ofthe piston make the ring gap open and close repeatedly During this motion, the degree of side ... into the clearance between the ring and ring groove The ring lifts in the groove with the inertial force during the exhaust cycle The piston ring 109 JIS-B8032 prescribes that the decline ofthe ... to break the ring A lack of lubrication also causes material failure The surface roughness ofthe ring groove and degree of groove and side 92 Scienceand technology of materials in automotive...
... Nomenclatures ofthe valve The shape from the crown to the neck is designed to give a smooth gas flow Figure 6.3 shows the position and relative motion of each part ofthe valve mechanism The motion ofthe ... at the solidification point The solidification temperature of cast iron is proportional to the sum ofthe percentage of carbon and one-third ofthe percentage of silicon This is known as the ... a product ofthe pressure (P) and relative slip speed (V) at the running surface, evaluating the severity of lubrication and friction conditions The higher the value, the more severe the working...
... for the valve and valve spring to follow the cam Valve float is the term given to unwanted movements ofthe valve and valve spring due to their inertial weights To avoid this, the load ofthe ... turn ofthe coil spring vibrates up and down at high frequency, independently ofthe motion ofthe entire spring It takes place when the natural frequency ofthe valve spring coincides with the ... other constructional steels chiefly in the degree of cold work, the higher carbon content, the fact that they can be supplied in the pre-tempered condition and their higher surface quality The...
... 8.10 Design of forging process The function ofthe forged part determines the required shape, material, accuracy and so on For the mechanical designer, the accuracy and strength ofthe part is ... rod (con-rod) and piston, to smooth revolutions The con-rod rides on the crankpin via a plain bearing The main bearing ofthe crankcase supports the main journal ofthe crankshaft The deep grooves ... at the surface because ofthe rapid cooling andthe high carbon concentration on the surface The part does not undergo a martensitic transformation internally because ofthe slow cooling rate and...
... coil heats and austenitizes the surface, and then the part is quenched in water The depth of heating is related to the frequency ofthe alternating current; the higher the frequency, the thinner ... hardening25 ofthe crankpin andthe corner radii between the crankpin and web The assembled crankshaft uses induction hardening ofthe hole into which the crankpin is forcefitted andofthe corner ... stress Soft silver-plating protects the side surface ofthe retainer holding the rollers from side thrust The performance and life of bearings are very important in extending the life ofthe engine...
... prevent separation ofthe joint during operation, and so the bolt must be able to withstand the tightening load andthe maximum inertial force To reduce the weight ofthe big end, the bolt hole should ... tend to separate the joint between the body and cap Even a slight separation increases friction loss at the big-end boss, and shortens the life ofthe plain bearing The stress on the con-rod bolt ... only to the shape ofthe big-end boss but also to the rigidity ofthe bolt itself The big-end boss should remain circular when the connecting rod bolts are tightened The mating planes in the joint...
... used The response and combustion efficiency ofthe wheel in acceleration is related to the inertial moment, a function ofthe weight The lower the weight, the lower the inertial moment and therefore ... the fuel and lubricant condense The quantity and composition ofthe particles depends on the combustion process, quality of diesel fuel and efficiency of after-treatment The soot is a solid and ... center ofthe housing The expanded engine exhaust gas is directed through the exhaust manifold into the turbine housing The exhaust gas pressure andthe heat energy extracted from the gas cause the...