the price and availability of materials
The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 1 doc
... stroke: at the end of the intake stroke, both inlet and exhaust valves are closed The inertial action of the crankshaft in turn lifts the piston which compresses the mixture The ratio of the combustion ... openings in the bore wall The upward and downward motion of the piston simultaneously opens and closes these portholes The air-fuel mixture then goes in or out of the combustion chamber through the portholes ... rotation The combustion of the air-fuel mixture takes place in the chamber formed between the piston and the cylinder head The piston then moves up and down in the cylinder via combustion pressure and...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 3 doc
... between the piston and the cylinder bore is too narrow, then the expanded piston will touch the bore wall instantly If the clearance is too wide, it will cause blowby of the combustion gas when the ... should look not only at the surface, such as the hardness and the coefficient of friction, but also the quality of the substrate on which the modification is implemented The castings must have ... ends of the upper end The piston-pin boss for the piston pin is positioned at the center The high contact pressure exerted by the piston pin is likely to cause abrasive wear of the boss The piston...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 5 potx
... follows the uneven shape of the cylinder bore wall Both the distorted cylinder and the swing motion of the piston make the ring gap open and close repeatedly During this motion, the degree of side ... into the clearance between the ring and ring groove The ring lifts in the groove with the inertial force during the exhaust cycle The piston ring 109 JIS-B8032 prescribes that the decline of the ... to break the ring A lack of lubrication also causes material failure The surface roughness of the ring groove and degree of groove and side 92 Science and technology of materials in automotive...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 6 pps
... Nomenclatures of the valve The shape from the crown to the neck is designed to give a smooth gas flow Figure 6.3 shows the position and relative motion of each part of the valve mechanism The motion of the ... at the solidification point The solidification temperature of cast iron is proportional to the sum of the percentage of carbon and one-third of the percentage of silicon This is known as the ... a product of the pressure (P) and relative slip speed (V) at the running surface, evaluating the severity of lubrication and friction conditions The higher the value, the more severe the working...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 7 pps
... melting the materials (a) The rotating rod (left) is slightly pressed to the stationary rod (right), so that friction heat is generated at the rubbing plane (b) The heat softens the materials Then the ... for the valve and valve spring to follow the cam Valve float is the term given to unwanted movements of the valve and valve spring due to their inertial weights To avoid this, the load of the ... turn of the coil spring vibrates up and down at high frequency, independently of the motion of the entire spring It takes place when the natural frequency of the valve spring coincides with the...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 8 pptx
... 8.10 Design of forging process The function of the forged part determines the required shape, material, accuracy and so on For the mechanical designer, the accuracy and strength of the part is ... rod (con-rod) and piston, to smooth revolutions The con-rod rides on the crankpin via a plain bearing The main bearing of the crankcase supports the main journal of the crankshaft The deep grooves ... at the surface because of the rapid cooling and the high carbon concentration on the surface The part does not undergo a martensitic transformation internally because of the slow cooling rate and...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 9 pdf
... coil heats and austenitizes the surface, and then the part is quenched in water The depth of heating is related to the frequency of the alternating current; the higher the frequency, the thinner ... hardening25 of the crankpin and the corner radii between the crankpin and web The assembled crankshaft uses induction hardening of the hole into which the crankpin is forcefitted and of the corner ... stress Soft silver-plating protects the side surface of the retainer holding the rollers from side thrust The performance and life of bearings are very important in extending the life of the engine...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 10 ppsx
... prevent separation of the joint during operation, and so the bolt must be able to withstand the tightening load and the maximum inertial force To reduce the weight of the big end, the bolt hole should ... tend to separate the joint between the body and cap Even a slight separation increases friction loss at the big-end boss, and shortens the life of the plain bearing The stress on the con-rod bolt ... only to the shape of the big-end boss but also to the rigidity of the bolt itself The big-end boss should remain circular when the connecting rod bolts are tightened The mating planes in the joint...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 11 pptx
... used The response and combustion efficiency of the wheel in acceleration is related to the inertial moment, a function of the weight The lower the weight, the lower the inertial moment and therefore ... the fuel and lubricant condense The quantity and composition of the particles depends on the combustion process, quality of diesel fuel and efficiency of after-treatment The soot is a solid and ... center of the housing The expanded engine exhaust gas is directed through the exhaust manifold into the turbine housing The exhaust gas pressure and the heat energy extracted from the gas cause the...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 12 doc
... at low cost The third column lists the means for meeting the requirements of each function, and the fourth column lists the properties required of the materials used The shape of the camshaft, ... Figure C.3 (c) shows the microstructure of a 0.8% carbon steel consisting of pearlite In the region of the mixture of α + γ, the amount of cementite 272 Science and technology of materials in automotive ... temperature of the water will rise until it is the same as that of the room This is the equilibrium state, and it will remain stable unless the temperature of the room is changed The phase diagram...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 13 pdf
... dislocation cannot move through the grain boundary, and thus the metal is strengthened The smaller the grain size, the greater the number of dead ends, hence the stronger the iron Microstructural hardening: ... strain in solid solutions The radius of the white circle (atom) is different from that of the black circle.1 quarter of the tire size and these stones are densely dispersed, the driver has to take ... returns the wire to its original length The point A is referred to as the yield point The stress A is called the yield stress (indicated by as σ y), and indicates where the elastic property of the...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 14 docx
... thermal conduction 87, 90 thermal distortion 30–1 thermal expansion piston design to compensate 65–8 use of silicon to decrease thermal expansion of aluminum 58–9 thermal mass, reducing 239 thermal ... temperature hardness and piston ring temperature during operation 70–2 recrystallization and recovery 171–3 strength of piston materials at high temperatures 76–7 temperature distributions of valves during ... reinforcement of piston ring groove 72–6 use of silicon to decrease thermal expansion of aluminum 58–9 piston curve 65–7 piston pin 1, 7, 54, 55 piston ring 1, 6, 7, 54, 55, 87–109 designing the self-tension...
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RESEARCH ETHICS AND CONSENT ON THE COLLECTION AND USE OF HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS a SINGAPORE PERSPECTIVE
... understanding of the basic mechanism of the disease, susceptibility and resistance, thereby guiding the development of preventive intervention of such disease 27 A greater understanding of the effects ... specific period of storage and whether the donors will be re-contacted for consent to the use of their specimens for purposes that fall outside of the scope of the original (and documented) consent ... This thesis will focus primarily on the collection and use of residual HBMs in research and define the term “residual HBMs” as materials taken from the patient in the course of a diagnostic or therapeutic...
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The synthesis and application of energy storage materials derived from small molecules
... From the second to the sixth cycle, the oxidation peak and reduction peak coincide with each other The positions of oxidation and reduction peaks stay the same Thus, the TCB material inside the ... determine the presence and ratio of carbon and antimony inside the product Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was further applied to study the surface and micro-structure of the product both in the ... NMR and 13 C NMR were conducted by using the CDCl3 as the solvent All the data was processed by the software to get a clear identification of the compound Thermal gravity analysis (TGA) was then...
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The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System
... relative importance of the various kinds of data written to disk, both in terms of how much of the live blocks they occupy on disk and in terms of how much of the data written to the log they represent ... delay the cleaning a while and let more of the blocks die in the current segment The value of a segment’s free space is based on the stability of the data in the segment Unfortunately, the stability ... writes, then reads the file back sequentially, then writes 100 Mbytes randomly to the existing file, then reads 100 Mbytes randomly from the file, and finally reads the file sequentially again The bandwidth...
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The Breadth and Depth of DSP
... very specialized audience State -of -the- art researchers need this kind of detailed mathematics to understand the theoretical implications of the work A basic premise of this book is that most practical ... word in the incoming audio signal is isolated and then analyzed to identify the type of excitation and resonate frequencies These parameters are then compared with previous examples of spoken ... away at the speed of light Aircraft in the path of this wave will reflect a small portion of the energy back toward a receiving antenna, situated near the transmission site The distance to the object...
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