the political economy of public pensions

... when the bank is economically insolvent The tradeoffs involved will, among others, be of a public choice nature and include the importance of the particular financial institution to the local economy ... the subject of intense debate, with proponents of a sudden shift of views of (foreign) investors as the main cause on one side and proponents of weak fundamentals as the major cause on the other ... credit away from other segments of the economy like the small and medium-sized enterprisesat the time of the systemic crisis This, coupled with the fact that significant forbearance of already weak...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 08:15

... Gertler 2004) Another Lofgren & Benner The Political Economy of the ‘New Biology’ – preliminary draft only core theme in the understanding of the role of the state in the knowledge-based economy (innovation ... Lofgren & Benner The Political Economy of the ‘New Biology’ – preliminary draft only The Political Economy of the ‘New Biology’: Biotechnology and the Competition State Abstract The central ... systems (the dynamics of firms and economic sectors) with political economy (research on the social and political regulation of economic relations) and thereby contributing to the analysis of state...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 21:59

... members of the Zentralbankrat The Direktorium is comprised of the president, the vice-president, and nowadays, a maximum of six other members, who are appointed by the president of the Federal Republic ... from the governments of the Länder (states) The Zentralbankrat is then again consulted In the Netherlands, the president and the director-secretary of the Nederlandsche Bank are appointed by the ... clusters: the appointment, dismissal, and legal term of office of the governor of the central bank; the institutional location of the final authority for monetary policy and the procedures for the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... tenet of the formal voting theory emphasizes the importance of the form of the voting game’ On the contrary, there are positive theories of public policy such as The political economy of democracies ... variables, such as the level of GDP per worker, the openness of the economy, the level of debt and the share of agriculture, and with other socio-economic factors, such as the age of the population, ... 16 The political economy of taxation The volatility of the income will also affect the magnitude of the welfare state If the fluctuation of income increases (for example as a consequence of industrial...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 14:20

... German economy – of a sizeable number of ‘working poor’.9 These problems are compounded dramatically by the slow growth of the German economy. 10 Slow growth contributes to a crisis of public ... calculated on the basis of the length of 180 GERMAN POLITICS their insurance record and the amount of contributions paid (calculated as a percentage of income, up to a cut-off point) In addition, the 1957 ... reform linked pensions to changes in the gross pay of active workers The main aim of the government’s pension policy was to adjust the revenues of the pension insurance funds to the expenditure...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... perish the thought!5 In a similar vein, and in recognition of the national aspirations of the Australian code, the editor of the Footballer suggested in 1881 that the sooner the name of the game ... scholars offer a detailed comparative analysis of the history of each code across various states.2 Geoffrey Blainey, on the other hand, in the penultimate chapter of his book on the origins of Australian ... overview serves as the foundation for more detailed analyses of the political economy of the football world in the period after World War II, a task taken up in the remaining chapters of the book Murky...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 02:21

... the societal debates about environment and political economy rather than just the academic debates over the theories of the political economy of the environment Naturally, given the breadth of ... is the first to concentrate exclusively on the political economy of the global environment, striving to integrate the debates within the “real world” of global policy and the “academic world” of ... environments The issues that shape the relationship between the global political economy and the environment are, of course, often technical and scientific But they are frequently also socioeconomic and political...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 10:55

... other western countries The Philippines, on the other hand, served as the extension of the US market in the Pacific Since their full integration into the global economy in mid-19th century, the ... and the Philippines, civilian rulers prevailed even during periods of authoritarian rule The differences in the organization of the political leadership owe much to the construction of the political ... forces: in the economic model, the state retreats from the economy, and the market ensures the efficient allocation of resources (World Bank 2002, Friedman 1999); in the political model, the state,...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 14:03

... utilize theory to put the answers together, explain processes, and predict outcomes Economic theory, game theory, the theory of complex adaptive systems, transaction cost theory, and theories of public ... regardless of the level of the target group Finally, since the development agency is the source of the aid, it usually retains a great deal of control over the distribution of these resources ... than others available to them The classic example of a collective-action problem in the public sector is the provision of a public good such as a national highway network or the reduction of environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 10/06/2014, 23:39

... the societal debates about environment and political economy rather than just the academic debates over the theories of the political economy of the environment Naturally, given the breadth of ... is the first to concentrate exclusively on the political economy of the global environment, striving to integrate the debates within the “real world” of global policy and the “academic world” of ... concentrations of carbon dioxide—could mean an even higher rate of extinctions.54 The history of deforestation is typical of the destructive impact of the global political economy Almost half of world’s...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 12:44

... xiii The political economy of development Institutions of the global economy Frontier institutions Why is money so important? Institutions matter Chapter plan 12 Money in the political economy of ... readers to put the development industry into the context of the global political economy of development, or at least that is the book’s aim In other words, despite all the recent talk of poverty ... economic and political orthodoxy of the advocates of globalisation Also available The End of Development: Modernity, Post-Modernity and Development Trevor Parfitt The Political Economy of Turkey...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... the Northern states, borrowing money from them rarely helps the poor, it just deepens the debt cycle and turns the private sector of the developing country into a playground for the rich of the ... sources The Great Predators then lend, with attendant terms of conditionality But because these Great Predators are captured by firms of Northern states, and because they serve the interests of their ... the reader to the contours of the political economy of development and the institutional regime within which ‘creditor states’13 compete and co-operate in the extension of markets The term ‘creditor...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... possibilities and denials In other words, in the promotion of The Market’ of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) period, a deepening of the management of markets by the IFIs took place: markets ... from abroad, and the classes who enjoy this tribute have had an ever-increasing incentive to employ the public policy, the public purse, and the public force to extend the field of their private ... chapter we look further at how markets are structured and the role, in particular, of public ‘market makers’; a theme which is developed in the next chapter by a further examination of the relationship...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... were the ‘winners’ of the Second World War Since 1948, these have pooled their resources in a global system of public credit Politically, this system collectivised the management of empire, as the ... senior official in the CDC in 1993, referring to the case of Kenya, noted that the CDC would take investment decisions: by understanding the human nature of these people, how they are moving and the ... ‘free’ trade (and the associated reduction of the ability of governments to tax moving goods), the role of assuring profitability in the circuit of finance capital, particularly at the international...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... arguably, the Corporation became the sole acceptable representative of the British state, with promotion of local citizens and the presence of the Regional Controller and office which ‘took the edge off ... reintegration into the world economy, with the CDC acting as the chair of the ‘committee managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie’, to misquote Marx The CDC was in co-operation with the World ... interests: those of the British state which sponsored it and the particular interests of the people it would employ overseas given the structural position of the colonies in the world economy and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... because of it, as the analysis in this book argues Bearing this in mind, the rest of this chapter, and the next two, will explore the suggestion that the process of the political economy of concessional ... these ‘problems’ facing the American investor that the current global system, characterised by the collectivisation of the management of development finance and the socialisation of risk in the ... risk in the markets of the South, emerged This chapter has given an historical review of the frontier institutions of the British state and an account of the changing role of the CDC in managing...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... in terms of other types of comparative benchmarks, such as large relative to the size of the markets in which they are spent, or large once combined with the additional finance they often ‘leverage ... Israel or Egypt, the worst was to be Cuba from 1959); and, finally, the developmental objective, which is of course the one which is the subject of the most publicity Under the category of geostrategic ... business, such as in the case of the post-war use of Public Law 480 by the United States); a geostrategic objective (the best way to attract ODA from the United States in the post-war period was...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... widely, as well as a rare insight on the profitability of the Great Predators The MMC ranked the profitability of the CDC and other bilateral equivalents in terms of the gross income that each organisation ... overseas, rather than the reality of a situation where the flow is in the other direction in terms of many of the poorest countries and is in the UK’s favour overall So what about the much publicised ... policy At the end of 2004 had a total invested portfolio of around €55 mill Representatives of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sit on the board of directors The bank’s...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... measuring? In the last three chapters we have examined profitability within the political economy of aid, both in and of itself in chapter (through direct contracts), and then in terms of the market ... more accurately, as rents Whether these ‘developmental’ effects are offset by the consequences of conditionality in terms of political resentment, the encouragement of profligacy and associated drop ... term coined in 1977 by The Economist, to describe the effects of oil and gas discovery on the economy of the Netherlands through the 1970s (see also Tan 1997; Langhammer 2004) The adverse effect...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... Instead the concern here is that in the process of ‘giving aid’ in the system we have at the moment, the opportunities to these types of things may be foreclosed, or the effect of doing them be ... economy of development or the bespoke economy of the poor In this economy of the ‘publicly aided’, so-called shared institutions are imposed – the IMF, World Bank, RDBs and so forth – which then, ... bound together by their part in the transmission of a relationship of power within political economy In other words, the needs of recipients could not be undermined by contamination by other prerogatives...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20