the importance and difficulty in determining the bioavailability of herbal preparations

... made gains in both the finance/banking industries and in the defence-related public sector Whereas some 125 000 women worked in finance and banking institutions in 1975, the number increased to ... worked in the communications sector Twenty years later, though the number of men remained unchanged, the number of women rose to 550 000 A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail ... answer: The two decades between 1975 and 1995 brought significant changes in the representation of women in Freedonia's work force, according to the graphs In 1975, for example, some 300 000 men and...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2012, 10:02

... part of the structure of the categories as in Fig.l, and then find appropriate translation equivalents in detail at the lower level categories (2) To each verb found in the process of the association, ... association, consults ordinary dictionary of translation equivalents and word usage of verbs and obtain the set of all the translation euqivalents for the verb (3) Then find nouns (categories) ... related verb in this ease It can generally be said that the more the noun's relation to human becomes closer and the more the level of abstract of the noun becomes lower the numbers of verbs that...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 17:20

... analysis and helped to draft the manuscript IG-A participated in the design of the study and also in collection of the data at the Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, was involved in the interpretation ... and informative covariates The weights represent the inverse probability of having dropped out and are then incorporated into the generalized estimating equations model In our case, we used the ... interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript All rheumatologists of the EMECAR group were involved in collection of data All of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:22

... developing health (including mental health) problems [8-10] Generally speaking the proximity to the event [11-13], the severity of the incident [14], and the extent of the physical injury increases ... suffering of those enduring the ongoing conflict on the Caucasus The use of other approaches such as structured clinical interview and clinical examination would certainly have added weight to the ... of respondants in both locations indicated that MSF should increase their counselling activities In response to these findings, MSF began a psychosocial intervention in the TACs in Chechnya in...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:21

... growing, harvesting, formulating, and packaging of herbal preparations Good sources for this kind of information are found in Ody (1993) and Moore (1995) 14.2 Inadequate Testing of Herbal Medicine ... aspirin or other NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding Ginseng may intensify the effects of these drugs, causing an excessive decrease in blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) Ginseng may intensify ... intensify the effects of these drugs St John’s wort may reduce the effectiveness of these drugs in reducing anxiety and may increase drowsiness and the risk of side effects such as drowsiness St...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 05:20

... curve, consisting of the concentration of an alkyl nitrite on the horizontal axis and peak area on the vertical axis The concentration of the analyte in a specimen is calculated using the calibration ... suppress the decomposition and evaporation of isobutyl nitrite throughout the procedure (from the sampling until injection to GC, and from the standard solution to a test specimen) In principle, the ... should be pointed out that the concentration of isobutyl nitrite detected by analysis only shows one at the time point of the injection into GC and does not reflect the in vivo level Under the present...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 00:15

... form of VX The absorption of VX through the eye mucosa and the skin results in its poisoning In the murder terrorism with VX taking place in Osaka, Japan, 1994, VX was sprayed on the back of the ... the use of t-BDMS derivatization of EMPA, the final solution containing a large amount of the derivatization reagent has to be injected into GC/MS, resulting in the marked contamination of the ion ... EMPA in serum (a) a TIC and mass chromatograms; (b) an EI mass spectrum of the t-BDMS derivative of EMPA; (c) a CI mass spectrum of the same derivative of EMPA data of animals According to the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 00:15

... spectra of the methyl ester plus TMS and TMS derivatives of ∆9-THC-11-oic acid The Substance Abuse and Mental Service Administration (SAMSA) in USA set the cutoff value of ∆9-THC-11-oic acid in urine ... of the high severity of injuries, blood specimens could not be obtained; the analysis was made Cases of analysis with urine and the liver tissue Urine showed a positive result for the cannabinoid ... Cannabinoids and their metabolites GC analysis of cannabinoids in plant specimensa Reagents and their preparation • • • Extraction and purification of cannabinoids [3]: Cannabis sativa L is being...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 19:15

... stresses [7] Therefore, the detection of low levels of morphine starting from a large amount of a specimen cannot be a proof of the intake of the drug The level of morphine in urine of healthy ... Main metabolic pathways of morphine, heroin and codeine The thick and thin arrows show the main and minor metabolic pathways, respectively ⊡ Figure 3.1 196 Morphine and its analogues GC and ... and some comments on the method Qualitative analysis is made by the comparison of the retention time of a peak of a specimen with that of the authentic standard and also by the confirmation of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 19:15

... found dead in the bed of the hospital in the next morning h after admission On the day of his death, autopsy was performed; there are no notable disorders, but the colors of all organs and blood ... stabilizing the instrument for reproducible analysis Toxic and fatal concentrations In > Table 5.1, clinical symptoms according to the concentrations of methemoglobin are presented ⊡ Table 5.1 Clinical ... hemoglobin into methemoglobin; for such conversion, nitrate should be reduced to nitrite in a human body In the present case, the victim had ingested a preparation including a large amount of nitrate,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 19:15

... determination of methemoglobin in blood containing carboxyhemoglobin Forensic Sci Int 17:177–184 7) Sato K (1983) A method for determination of methemoglobin in blood containing carboxyhemoglobin ... –30 °C in the presence of a cryoprotective solutionb [9, 10] Toxic and fatal concentrations Clinical symptoms according to the concentrations of Met-Hb are presented in >Table 5.1 of the previous ... mannitol and 0.65 % NaCl It should be added to blood samples at the ratio of 1:1 References 1) Evelyn KA, Malloy HAT (1938) Microdetermination of oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin in...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 19:15

... of his ingestion and death In addition, the ratios of cocaine to BE in blood and in the brain, and the brain-to-blood ratios of cocaine and BE were compared with those described in literature [11]; ... estimate the cause of death, time of death and time after drug use, using the ratio of cocaine to BE and the brain-to-blood ratios of cocaine and BE The ratios only give rough estimation of them ... the amounts of the compounds excreted into urine is dependent on the methods of administration, the relative amounts of unchanged cocaine, EME and BE excreted into urine are 1–14 %, 12–60 % and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 01:15

... Pentazocine Pentazocine In two autopsy cases of pentazocine poisoning, its concentrations were 9.2 and 3.3 µg/mL in blood, 43 and 34 µg/g in the liver, and not detectable and 4.5 µg/mL in urine, ... detection and quantitation of both therapeutic and toxic levels of pentazocine in blood The recovery of pentazocine using the Sep-Pak C18 cartridge was close to 100 % for both whole blood and urine ... 214 (IS) and at m/z 285 plus 217 (pentazocine) were used at the retention times of 3–7 and 7–8 min, respectively The amount of pentazocine and IS spiked into mL of blank whole blood or urine was...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 02:15

... system and 0.55 with the (B) system The colors of the spot of LSD are blue-purple with the p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reagent, orange with the Dragendorff reagent and purple with the iodoplatinate ... combined After the pH of the solution is adjusted to 8.5, the solution is extracted with an appropriate amount of chloroform four times The combined chloroform extract is evaporated to dryness; the ... ng/mL in blood and 0.2–7.7 ng/mL in urine [4] References 1) Tu AT (1999) Principle of Toxicology – Science of Poisons – Jiho Inc., Tokyo, pp 108–109 (in Japanese) 2) The Pharmaceutical Society of...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 01:15

... monitored) The mass spectra of TFA derivatives of MDMA and its three metabolites obtained from the urine specimen are shown in > Fig 7.5 For the proof of the use of MDMA, detection of MDA along ... generally performed for urine specimens In this chapter, the procedures for GC/MS and LC/MS analyses of MDAs in the forms of tablets and those for GC/MS analysis of MDAs and their main metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine ... catecholamine (including serotonin) release and blockade of reuptake resulting in cardiac and central nervous system effects [15] The effects of MDMA vary depending on its doses, frequency and duration...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 01:15

... convenient for the manipulation g) If the remaining volume of dichloromethane containing cyclized GHB is more than 100 µL in the vial, the proportion of dichloromethane gas, being contained in the headspace ... heating block and mL of the headspace gas is injected into GC γ-Hydroxybutyric acid ii Calibrators i Various volumes (10–100 µL) of the standard solution of sodium salt of GHB are placed in test ... Because of the popularity of GHB, it became a federally controlled Schedule I substance in the United States in March, 2000 In Japan, the use of GHB has been strictly regulated by the Narcotics and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 01:15

... sensitivity is increased 10–100 fold k) As probable reasons of such a phenomenon, the slight thermal decomposition of the authentic standard during the step of GC, and/ or protection of the target ... thioridazine For the authentic sample, the mixture of ng each of the compounds was directly injected into GC/MS A 200-ng aliquot each of compounds had been spiked into mL whole blood or urine and ... solutions A and B was performed; the initial composition of 70 % A plus 30 % B was linearly changed to the final composition of 10 % A plus 90 % B during 40 min; the flow rate was 50 µL/min MS conditions;...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 12:15

... volume of urine or blood, 0.05 mL IS and 0.5 mL of M NaOH are placed in a 15-mL volume glass centrifuge tube with a ground -in stopper and mixed well, followed by addition of mL of the mixture of ... that of HPLC or LC/MS HPLC and LC/MS analysis Reagents and their preparation The sources for acquisition of haloperidol, bromperidol and their reduced forms is the same as described in the GC/MS ... iv v The procedure i–v described in the GC/MS analysis section is followed for a urine or blood specimen to obtain a residue containing butyrophenones The residue is dissolved in 0.1 mL of the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 12:15

... resulting in changes of composition ratio of the mobile phase i) According to the kinds of columns used (manufacturer, type, internal diameter and length), the turn of drugs to be eluted and also the ... antidepressants Name amitriptyline amoxapine carbamazepine clomipramine desipramine dosulepin imipramine lofepramine [9] maprotiline mianserin nortriptyline setiptiline [5] trimipramine MW 227.18 313.10 ... acetate and diethyl ether, were reported The best solvent can be chosen according to the kind of a target drug Imipramine and amitriptyline are metabolized into desipramine and nortriptyline, respectively,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 12:15

... achieved; the peak of tofisopam showed tailing The separation of other drugs was relatively good The retention times, molecular weights and principal mass spectral ions of benzodiazepines are shown in ... stream of nitrogen ix The residue is dissolved in 50 µL methanol and a 2-µL aliquot is injected into GC/MSe i Assessment and some comments on the method The recovery rates of the drugs from blood and ... observed in the range of 50–1,000 ng/mL with detection limits of 10–20 ng/mL, and for oxazolam it could be observed in the range of 200–1,000 ng/mL with detection limits of 50 ng/mL in urine and 100...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 12:15