the history of reliabilityand safety technology
An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 108 pptx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... Rome 20 Pantheon 879 water supply 20 roofing 883–5 roofing materials 857 aluminium 111 glass/iron (ferro-vitreous) 895–6 iron 95, 894 Monel metal 101 zinc 93, 96 ‘ro-ro’ (roll on, roll off) vessels ... furnishing 906–907 1058 INDEX OF TOPICS Thailand 59 Thames flood barrier 956 water supply from 951 thatch 857, 884 thaumatrope 739 thermionic valves 41, 727 see also diode; triode thermonuclear bombs 1006–1007 ... Venice glass 196 horses of San Marco 67–8 Venus at the Forge (Brueghel) 232 Venus probes 659–60 vernier scale 25 Versailles, water supply to gardens 235 videodiscs 753–4 Videofile videotape system...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 1 potx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... McNeil The place of technology in history Science and technology The archaeological ages The seven technological ages of man The first age: man, the hunter, masters fire The second age: the farmer, ... the farmer, the smith and the wheel The third age: the first machine age The fourth age: intimations of automation The fifth age: the expansion of steam The sixth age: the freedom of internal ... without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data An Encyclopaedia of the history of technology Technology History I McNeil, Ian 609 T15 ISBN 0-415-01306-2...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 2 doc
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... was largely dependent on the state of their technology and that of their enemy Their motivation was more often than not economic, and economic history and the history of technology can surely be ... with the dexterity to make practical use of his ideas The Encyclopaedia had its inception during the period when I was Executive Secretary of the Newcomen Society for the Study of the History of ... that, in the study and teaching of history, so little attention is paid to the history of technology Political and constitutional history, economic history, naval and military history, social history all...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 3 docx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... part of technology and consider it the prerogative of the editor of an Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, just as we would consider the violin and the bassoon as musical topics although the ... between the twelve cycles of the moon and the one of the sun, were astronomers, scientists Admittedly they were working towards the practical solutions of how to predict the seasons, the flooding of ... pre -history primarily as a history of technology was Professor V.Gordon Childe who studied, rather than the rise and fall of civilizations, the rise and fall of technologies the technologies of...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 4 pps
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... about the time of Christ that Hero of Alexandria classified the five basic machines as the lever, the wheel and axle, the wedge, the pulley and 17 INTRODUCTION the screw, but the first three of these ... to their cities The construction of river bridges often involved the building of coffer dams of timber piles, sealed with clay, and in the building of these two machines were used: first, the ... making of pots by coiling strips of clay in a spiral and then moulding them together is supposed to date from about 7000 BC, as is the moulding of clay to take the form of the inside of a basket...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 5 docx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... marked the start of the use of the pendulum as a means of controlling the speed of clocks Having no watch, he timed the swing of the lamp against his own pulse and established the time of the pendulum’s ... machined with these tools, that the barrel of one lock could be applied to the casing of another, while the sliders of one lock could similarly be inserted into the barrel of another The same principles ... belonging to the masters They were the forerunners of the Factory System The Factory System The mint and the printing works employed few workers, at least in the early days of both It was not the same...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 6 docx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... formulated the Gas Laws and demonstrated the maximum height that water could be drawn by a suction pump Others took up the theme of producing a vacuum by the condensation of steam In 1659 the Marquis of ... traction on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, the first public passenger railway in the world (see Figure 7) The Rainhill Trials were the highlight of the opening of the railway age over much of which ... buildings They caused the decline of many towns and villages which were not served by the railway lines They speeded up the mails and greatly accelerated the spread of news by the rapid distribution of...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 7 pdf
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... and to many others a threat to the dignity of themselves as members of the human race or worse, a threat to the very existence of humanity as the only reasoning animal living on the planet Americans ... NEOLITHIC ORIGINS The birth of metallurgy is shrouded in obscurity, although weathered crystals of native copper might well have attracted the attention of ancient man because of their remarkable ... well below their melting point to soften them after cold forging, or in the furnaces where crystals were melted together Apart from gold, silver and the other noble metals, copper is the only metal...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 8 ppt
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... cent of copper, and because of the presence of large quantities of unwanted earthy material, they not respond to simple smelting processes The sulphide copper ores exploited at the beginning of the ... control the hardness of the copper obtained by adjusting the mixture of ores fed into the smelting furnace The beginning of the arsenical copper era is difficult to date with any certainty The earliest ... based on the remains of smelting furnaces used (a) in the twelfth century BC, and (b) in the eleventh century BC, at the ancient copper smelting site of Timna in the Southern Negev region of Israel...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 9 doc
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... thickness of the casting to be produced The wall thickness of the San Marco horses varies between 7.5 and 10.5mm, and originally they were gilded From the duplex structure of the surviving areas of the ... were well aware of the effect of tin on the properties of the alloys they employed From the weapons which were found in the Mycaenean tombs it is evident that metal workers, even in the sixteenth ... many of the later Roman bronzes, which by the middle of the second century AD tended to contain comparable quantities of zinc and tin The characteristics of these alloys, which resembled those of...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 10 pps
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... 1.6 The charge, being in the form of balls, did not fall out of the retort when this was inserted in the furnace, and it also facilitated the escape of zinc vapour from the mouth of the retort The ... metallic smell, and the bitter metallic taste of brass is also mentioned This work is also the first to refer to the tribe of the Mossynoeci, who lived on the southern shore of the Euxine, between ... accepted the office of Principal Surveyor and Master of the Mines to the King In 1529 however, he left England to develop the copper mines at Neusohl in Hungary, south of the Tatra mountains In the...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 11 ppsx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... predominance as the centre of copper and brass production in 1763 In the autumn of that year, Charles Roe of the Macclesfield Copper Company first sensed the possibilities of the copper ore deposits of Parys ... for the first time, the feasibility of making iron of high quality by using coke rather than charcoal as fuel for the blast furnace (see p 153ff) The indications are, therefore, that Darby was the ... for the use of coke rather than charcoal in the brass works at Baptist Mills, to avoid sulphurous contamination of the metal from raw coal, and that he introduced the practice of turning the...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 12 ppt
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... layer of slag developed over the molten metal surface, saltpetre was added to the bath, the alloy was stirred, and the ingot was then cast It is not clear whether zinc was an ingredient of the ... then slowly cooled and the layer of pure solid zinc which separates out on its surface is skimmed off The remaining molten lead is then pumped back to the condenser Each of these zinc blast furnaces ... challenged tin plate in the manufacture of cooking utensils, and little further progress occurred until the second decade of the nineteenth century In 1819 the French chemist Thenard began to appreciate...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 13 pdf
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... furnace The furnace charge consisted of 100kg (220lb) of the double chloride, 45kg (99lb) of cryolite and 35kg (77lb) of sodium The function of the cryolite was to act as a flux and dissolve the ... at the end of 1859 At the beginning of 1860 the firm of Bell Brothers started to produce aluminium by a variant of the Deville process at Washington, County 104 NON-FERROUS M ETALS Durham The ... Salindres to reduce the melting point and viscosity of the slag, and to dissolve the thin layers of alumina which formed on the surface of the reduced globules of aluminium, thus enabling them to coalesce...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 14 ppsx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... lighter than the electrolyte, floats to the surface of the bath where it must be collected without shorting the electrodes Furthermore, the gas liberated at the anode is chlorine rather than the oxygen ... 708°C, the melting point of the chloride This accumulated as a liquid in the base of the reactor, and was transferred, still in the molten state, to the electrolytic cells Since 1930 most of the ... One of the directors appointed at this time was William Matther who also acted as chief engineer of the company At a later stage, as Sir William Matther, he headed the well-known firm of Matther...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 15 pptx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... quantities of beryllium nitrate to the mixtures of thorium and cerium nitrates used to impregnate the fabric of the mantle This treatment was probably the major outlet for beryllium until the end of the ... into many of the earliest gold artefacts from the Old and New Worlds The first important source of the metal was Colombia on the north-western corner of South America Here, the grains of native ... and the first production batch was issued in 1941 Nimonic 80, as the alloy was called, was the first of the long series of nickel-based ‘superalloys’ produced by Mond All of these depend for their...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 16 pps
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... cross-section These bars were then sintered by heating them electrically in a pure hydrogen atmosphere to temperatures approaching their melting point They were then reduced into wire by a process of hot ... and then ductile molybdenum, became the dominant materials of the electrical industry When tungsten contacts were introduced the reliability of motor-car ignition systems improved considerably The ... tungsten target and was the first to permit the long exposures required by the new technique of Xray crystallography 134 NON-FERROUS M ETALS Between the wars, most of the serious metallurgical...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 17 doc
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... with them Some of the impurities are easily removed; others are more difficult, and many of the important inventions in the history of iron and steel have been connected with the removal of impurities ... noticed a change in the nature of the stones used to surround and contain the fire If two of the stones were banged together, they gave off a dull sound and did not crack or splinter: the charcoal (which ... though they all functioned in the same way They were made of clay, which would resist the heat of the fire Charcoal was lighted inside the bloomery and then, while a continuous blast of air was...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 18 pptx
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... numbers and other industries using iron and coal came into the area for the sake of these raw materials From the vast numbers of smoking chimneys the area soon acquired the name of the Black Country, ... living of Britain and indeed of the whole world It laid the foundations of the industrial towns—not just the ironmaking centres but the others as well For steam power could operate any kind of machinery ... been useable The year 1709 marks the second great step forward in the history of iron after the introduction of the blast furnace in about 1500 It is not an exaggeration to say that the industrial...
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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 19 pdf
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04/07/2014, 01:20
... Steam power then hoisted the barrows to the furnace top, where the men took over again, wheeled the barrows to the mouth of the furnace and tipped the contents in At the pig beds the cast iron ... one above the other to prevent loss of gas The top bell is opened and the raw materials fall on the lower one, which is closed and sealing the furnace Then the top bell is closed and the bottom ... whole new market for the iron trade But the biggest new market of all was that provided by the railways The efforts of Richard Trevithick, George Stephenson and others, helped by the ironmakers, who...
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