the great crosscutting perspectives of clinical science

... professor and chair of the University of Southern California’s Department of Psychology In 2006 he served as president of the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12 of APA) and as chair of ... editor of the Journal of Family Psychology and is an associate editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology She is dedicated to the ­integration of science and practice in the field of clinical ... understanding of science studies reveals that the matter is far more nuanced and complex Second, a review of these divergent images of science illustrates some of the excitement of the science enterprise...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 00:21

... describing the state of being of the things under the observation of the astronauts in the new planet Most of the processes are in the simple past tense (25/36) They are used in the narrative portion The ... Subject The spaceship The planet They There The spaceship The two astronauts The woman It She We It Both of them They All plants and Animals They They Everything The man Nothing Something He I The ... What Table The Theme-Rheme Pattern of the Text Clause Textual Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme Theme Markedness of Theme I The spaceship unmarked II the planet unmarked III They unmarked There unmarked...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 20:20

... made the place of his boyhood the home of his old age Owen died in the house in which he was born His body was buried in the same grave where sleeps the dust of his father and his mother During the ... who owned the shares were the ones who owned the tools Very naturally, they wanted and expected dividends for the use of the tools That was all they wanted—dividends The manager of the mill held ... make the venture bring returns The people who owned the shares or the tools, never saw the people who used the tools A great gulf lay between them For the wrongs and injustices visited upon the...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 17:20

... privately with them concerning their wage, and if the servants stand in the churchyard they usually call them aside and walk to the back side of the church and there treat of their wage I heard a servant ... ignorant of everything in good husbandry.' The middle of the seventeenth century was the Golden Age of the yeoman who owned and farmed his land; even at the end of the Stuart period, when their ... orchard[308]are interesting, both as showing the kinds of fruit then grown, the number of different sorts planted together, and the growth of the olive in England.[309] The orchard, he says, should be a...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 15:20

... designed to evaluate clinical efficacy these results are of interest Of the eleven drugs discussed, ten had clinical efficacy data available, and of these ten all showed, at the very least, some ... with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutics Choice of appropriate dose for phase II studies therefore relies on other measures; for example the pharmacokinetics of the oral agent GDC-0449 indicated ... revolutionizing the treatment of cancer – the use of biomarkers to select individual therapies for individual patients Even from these preliminary phase I trials, where toxicity and dose-finding are the...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 22:20

... cases, retrospective studies of the effects of the intervention in humans The focus of this text is the final or Phase III clinical trial These involve large numbers of subjects (500 to 5000), studied ... determined by the objectives of the study and not the other way around Begin by printing out a copy of the final report(s) you would like to see: A Manager’s Guide to the Design and Conduct of Clinical ... period of time (2 to years) with the possibility of an even longer ongoing follow-up The larger number of subjects in this type of trial provides an opportunity to study the effects of the intervention...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... of trial results becomes the responsibility of the project leader drawing on the expertise of all the members of the design team THE PEOPLE YOU DON’T NEED Too often throughout the ’80s, and the ... aspect of the study (including the software and the hardware), she is responsible for notifying the clinical research monitor.12 12 The presence of a site coordinator does not relieve the CRM of the ... out why the group was from the very beginning of the falling behind They’d doubled the number of testers, yet there process In the final stages of testing, was no corresponding increase the clinical...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... that of establishing the breadth of the claim, is one of give and take, the emphasis of the “give” being to recruit as many patients as possible, the “take” being based on the recognition that there ... want to be of detecting the improvement your treatment offers? Fifty percent of the time? Hardly adequate, not 22 The power of a test is defined as the complement of the probability of making a ... of a clinical trial, you stop taking the drug It’s then that as the sponsor of the trials you’re grateful you included controls Because when you examine the data you learn that as many of the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... in the Clinical Summary or Module encouraged The use of graphs and concise tables in the body of the text is encouraged The Clinical Overview should present the strengths and limitations of the ... chance event, then the proportions will gradually even out again or perhaps go the other way But if further trials sustain the advantages of one treatment over another, then a greater and greater proportion ... description of the experimental design, including the extent of the blinding and the method(s) to be employed to ensure the blinding is sustained throughout the course of the trials Sample size Method of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... readers with a clear picture of the progress of all participants in the trial, from the time they are randomized until the end of their involvement The intent is to make the experimental process ... put the hypothesis to the test by prescribing placebo for a three-week period before the start of their clinical trials but not using the results of this run-in period as an entry criterion Of the ... during the design process and only the numbers remain to be filled in during the analysis phase It is our reports that should determine the nature of the data we collect By preparing the form of the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... among the lead developer, the data manager, and the statistician The project manager may be called upon to resolve conflicts not only among the members of this committee but with other units of the ... assigned the same value of 000 The results were disastrous The designers of the form had assumed that a 000 would appear on the completed form only if the patient answered “no” to all questions But they ... stages: First, they make a record of the objects—radio buttons and pop-up menus that appear on the computer screen Second, they record the keystrokes their users make If the user goes to the first question...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... ROLES OF THE MONITORS Most of the duties, if not all the responsibility, for monitoring the trials will fall upon the shoulders of the medical monitor and the clinical research monitors, or CRMs The ... and the date of surgery The data for the corresponding angiogram were stored in two separate files, neither of which contained the date on which the angiogram had been taken The keys for these ... system as the files), and the date of the visit For revascularizations, the recorded visit date might or might not coincide with the date of surgery The only data that could be utilized for the automated...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... of clinical trials Familiarity Too often, the choice of statistical method is determined on the basis of the technique that was used in the last set of clinical trials or the limited subset of ... Plot The box encompasses the middle 50% of each sample while the “whiskers” indicate the smallest and largest values The line through the box is the median of the sample, that is, 50% of the sample ... for cofactors The second part of Table 15.5 reveals the statistically significant relation of survival to the Karnofsky Index, which is a measure of the overall status of the cancer patient at the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... interval One then takes the antilogarithms of the boundaries of the confidence interval and uses these to obtain a confidence interval for the means of the original observations The drawback of the preceding ... the FDA will always accept results of the t-test without the equal variances assumption—they would rather this than think.” Wilcoxon test The use of the ranks in the combined sample reduces the ... α that the difference between the mean effects of the two treatments is greater than zero Another way of demonstrating precisely the same thing is to show cL ≤ ≤ cR where cL and cR are the left...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... system there are five key areas on which to focus: 1) ease of formulating queries, 2) speed of retrieval of data, 3) ease of updating data, 4) ease of restructuring the database, and 5) ease of integrating ... report on the new device.” A further analysis on the basis of sex revealed that although almost 50% of For example, although many cholesterol-lowering drugs are now on the market, as of this writing ... Manager’s Guide to the Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials, by Phillip I Good Copyright ©2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc APPENDIX SOFTWARE 237 Oracle Clinical Has the standard features of Oracle Automatically...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:20

... subject-matter of these generalisations The central chapters of the standard works on Economics retail, with only minor variations, the main principles of the science But the chapters in which the object of ... SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE the works of Professor Ludwig von Mises and to the Commonsense of Political Economy of the late Philip Wicksteed The considerable extent to which I have cited these ... O N THE purpose of this essay is twofold In the first place, it seeks to arriye at precise notions concerning the subject-matter of Economic Science and the nature of the generalisations of which...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... change the significance of the word "material" But see Chapter II below for an examination of the validity of this interpretation i THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF ECONOMICS ö generalisations of the science ... commands a price and enters into the circle of exchange The theory of wages is as applicable to the explanation of the latter as it is to the explanation of the former Its elucidations are not ... So far is modern theory from the point of view of Adam Smith and the Physiocrats that the epithet of productive labour is denied even to the production of material objects, if the material objects...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... true that the scarcity of materials is one of the limitations of conduct But the scarcity of our own time and the services of others is just as important The scarcity of the services of the schoolmaster ... question whether the roof should be made of paper or of some other material is a question not of Economics but of the technique of house building".1 Nor we meet this difficulty by inserting the word ... distribution of income, the magnitude of expenditure on other commodities, the direction of production, or did it not? We must not evade the consequences of the conclusion that all conduct coming under the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... possible, regardless of the conditions of demand, will see us out of our difficulties It is the nemesis of the worship of the machine, the paralysis of the intellect of a world of technicians This ... waste The substance had not changed The guns were the same The potentialities of the machines were the same From the point of view of the technician, everything was exactly the same But from the ... these are the subjectmatter of your branch of knowledge and these are not The province of Economic History, equally with the province of Economic Theory, cannot be restricted to any part of the stream...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20

... apparatus of the modern School of Lausanne The theory of value and distribution was really the central core of the analysis of the Classics, try as they might to conceal their objects under other ... at the exquisite delicacy of his exhibition of the ambiguities of the first proposition of Ricardo's Principles £t was one of the few real injuries done to the progress of Economic Science by the ... Economics, yet, from the point of view of the history of theoretical Economics, the central achievement of his book was his demonstration of the mode in which the division of labour tended to...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 22:20