the global burden of drug resistant tb

... distribution of burden of disease 42 16 Leading causes of burden of disease 42 17 The disease and injury burden for women 46 18 The growing burden of noncommunicable disease 47 19 The unequal burden of ... sixth globally, but is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the African Region and in the low- and middle-income countries of the Region of the Americas In the South-East Asia Region, Global Burden ... and Africa together bore 54% of the total global burden of disease in 2004, although they account for only about 40% of the world’s population The Western Pacific 40 Part Region has the “healthiest”...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 09:20

... Breakaway: The global burden of cancer— challenges and opportunities The health and economic burden of cancer Overview A key objective of this report is an exploration of the global burden of cancer ... to the most recent edition of the World Cancer Report (Boyle and Levin [eds.] 2008) in the past 30 years the burden of cancer doubled, based on incidence of new cases and deaths The burden of ... Breakaway: The global burden of cancer— challenges and opportunities The costs of cancer, 2009 The global economic cost of the 12.9m new cancer cases in 2009 is estimated to be US$286bn These costs...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 23:20

... uncertainty of the base-case estimates was quantified by estimating the joint uncertainty in the estimates of annual mean concentration and the estimates of the relative risks The sensitivity of the ... and other risks) (WHO, 2002) DISCUSSION The results indicate that the impact of outdoor air pollution on the burden of disease in the world’s cities is large, but an assessment of sources of uncertainty, ... and response Where better data exist, as they currently in some parts of the world, they should of course be used Future estimates of the global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

... as guiding the determination of health research priorities [11-14] Global Burden of Disease 1990 Study The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study was commissioned by The World Bank in the early ... Comparative Quantification of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors: The Global Burden of Disease 2000 Study The initial Global Burden of Disease Study represented a quantum leap in the global and regional ... account of the index, and the philosophy underlying parameter choices, is described elsewhere [27,28] DALYs are not unique to the Global Burden of Disease Study A variant of DALYs was used by The...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... Overview of TB and MDR TB in India, Setting the Stage, 10 Organization of the Report, 11 DRUG- RESISTANT TB IN INDIA The Burden of TB and MDR TB in India, 14 Plans of the Revised National TB Control ... Challenge of Drug- Resistant TB, 25 Potential Innovations and Action Items, 26 13 THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DRUG- RESISTANT TB Overview of the Global Burden of TB and MDR TB, 29 MDR TB Prevention and Control ... (Chapter 2); the global burden of TB and drug- resistant TB, including data from another high -burden country, China (Chapter 3); prevention of the transmission of drug- resistant TB in India (Chapter...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 11:20

... of This Report, 18 THE GLOBAL SPREAD OF MULTIDRUG -RESISTANT AND EXTENSIVELY DRUG- RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS Scope of the Problem, 19 Underreporting of MDR TB in Africa, 25 The Threat of Totally Drug- Resistant ... confronting the global crisis of drug- resistant TB    t should be noted that this paper represents the views of its authors and not those of the I IOM 2 The Global Spread of Multidrug -Resistant ... ineffective because of the development of resistance Thus a minimum of three to four new drugs are needed immediately to avert the escalation of drug- resistant TB The delivery of drugs to the populations...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... the drug sensitive virus (solid lines in black), the drug resistant one (dashed lines) and the sum of Prevalence of infection with the drug sensitive virus (solid lines in black), the drug resistant ... for the importation of the resistant strain is shifted towards the initial phase of the epidemic, the resistant strain increasingly replaces the sensitive strain (Figure 1c) Early importation of ... comparison of reintroduction of drug sensitive and drug resistant infection The data provided represent the sensitivity analysis on the influence of social distancing measures on the number of outpatients...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... MDR -TB may remain infectious for prolonged periods of times further accelerating the spread of MDR -TB It is therefore important to understand factors contributing to the development of MDR -TB ... Resistant to one drug only Poly -resistant (not MDR -TB) MDR -TB Total Fully susceptible Resistant to one drug only Poly -resistant (not MDR -TB) MDR -TB Total two M tuberculosis strains (Fig 1) These findings ... from the characteristics of the complete study population of the drug resistance survey (data not shown) In brief, the final sample consisted of 239 male (60%) and 158 female (40%) patients The...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 14:44

... selected on the basis of their international expertise in the area of each disease or risk factor of concern The experts were identified either by the WHO unit responsible for the area, by other experts ... causes the largest disease burden of all cancers globally, or about 15% of the burden of all cancers By far the largest risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, at 66% (WHO, 2002) About 9% of the ... improve the health and the lives of urban slum dwellers – one of the key targets of MDG-7 GOAL DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT The underlying message of this study is that both the health...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... Mortality in the Context of the Global Burden of Disease The Burden of Disease Resulting from Events Near the Time of Birth Conclusions Annex 6A: Flexible Functional Forms for the Acquisition of Life ... Relationship between the Rank Order of Causes of the Global Burden Using DALYs(3,1) and DALYs(3,0) in 2001 Relationship between the Rank Order of Causes of the Global Burden of Disease in 2001, ... including the impact of the global tobacco epidemic, and on the global descriptive epidemiology of major diseases, injuries, and risk factors He is the coauthor of the seminal Global Burden of Disease...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work The boundaries, ... Because of the complexity of modeling sectors at a global level, none of the sectoral models is capable of choosing the optimal timing of investments This implies that the time-paths of investments ... maintenance costs The first part of the right side of equation (2) is referred to as the delta-P component of the cost of adaptation, and the second part as the delta-Q component These components...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 10:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/02/2014, 15:20

... of the effects of PM often examine whether daily counts of mortality or cause-specific hospitalizations are correlated with daily concentrations of PM, after controlling for the effects of other ... we propose that the log linear model of exposure and the average of all years of available exposure be used, since the resulting estimate of the disease burden is likely to have the minimum measurement ... to the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 A value of was added to the X terms in the formula to ensure that the log function is defined at X = The value of Xo is usually assumed to be either: the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... center of knowledge for the productive management of nature.36 Problems of sugar cane cultivation in the West Indies led to the formation of the Imperial Department of Agriculture at the end of the ... regulations based on the experts’ classifying knowledge.21 Government (the project of the rulers) and mentality (the state of mind of the ruled) then fuse, as both begin to perceive the world in identical ... Foundation For accounts of the scientific and social dimensions of the Green Revolution, see Lily E Kay, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 21:59

... change the quality of the world’s rivers Nriagu and Pacyna (1988) set out the specific impacts of the use of trace metals in the global economy on the world’s 12 / The global dimension of water ... over reviewing the political feasibility of the identified arrangements The global dimension of water governance / 11 The need for global governance in water issues 2.1 The effect of global climate ... to the Netherlands for consumption there) The water footprints of people are increasingly externalised to other parts of the world Consumers generally not pay for the negative effects of their...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 00:20

... understanding of the overall burden of adhesiolysis Funding This study and the preparation of this manuscript were funded by Ethicon, Inc The authors acknowledge that Ethicon, Inc is the maker of GYNECARE ... days then was estimated as the product of the attributed LOS for the group and the number of adhesiolysis-related hospitalizations within the group This study utilized the methodology from Ray ... adhesions of ovary and fallopian tube Laparoscopic lysis of adhesions of ovary and fallopian tube 65.89 Other lysis of adhesions of ovary and fallopian tube 70.13 Lysis of intraluminal adhesions of...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 14:20

... for the social life of cities In all of this, I lay special emphasis on the idea of the social economy of the metropolis, which is to say, a view of the urban organism as an intertwined system of ... within the major cities of the mass-production system kept them consistently in positions of economic leadership relative to the rest of the national territory Moreover, from the New Deal of the ... 1995) Dear’s account of the “postmodern urban condition” captures much of the spirit of the latter trend (Dear 2000) All of these approaches to urban theory and the urban question offer diverse insights...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 01:16

... the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution at the close of the eighteenth century Hence the public response to the violence— the trembling that terrorism effects—is part of the meaning of the ... in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, by Mark Juergensmeyer Page iii Terror in the Mind of God The Global Rise of Religious Violence Mark Juergensmeyer Page iv University of ... raised the possibility of a "righteous rebellion." 22 Just as liberation theologians justify the use of unauthorized force for the sake of their vision of a moral order, Bray sees the legitimacy of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 13:55

... impressive, other services (including the prevention of vertical transmission) showed signs of stagnation One contrast was the excellent supply of ART drugs compared with the abysmal supply of other ... contemplates the further expansion of antiretroviral therapy (whilst sustaining its current gains) within the context of limited resources and many shortfalls in the provision of other essential ... if they used 100% of their current workforce Figure shows Smith's estimates of human resource requirements for full coverage of population with antiretroviral therapy Only two of the 'twin burden' ...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20