the gef world bank and biodiversity finance

... of the Great Depression and the rise to world power of the United States; and the conditions of economic theory, especially the breaking of the sanctity of the classical–neoclassical paradigm and ... for the IMF and the late 1970s for the World Bank, the controlling faction of economic belief shifted to the right under the combined impetus of two growing tendencies The first was a change in the ... elsewhere The World Bank and the IMF operate primarily as bankers to the central banks of nation-states Banks have power over policy formation because they control access to capital accumulations And...

Ngày tải lên: 30/10/2014, 17:24

... REPORT 2011:05 The governance of the World Bank3 The two main institutions of the World Bank Group (WBG) are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International ... elected them, and on the other hand they are Bank officials devoted to the interests and concerns of the institution The Executive Board of Directors has the overall responsibility for the general ... members of the Board of Governors, which convenes twice a year, once in the Spring and once during the Annual Meetings of the World Bank and the IMF The role of the Board of Governors is rather limited,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 10:20

... adjustment The World Bank and the IMF THE WORLD BANK or the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were created in 1944 by leaders of the ... Impoverishing a Continent: The World Bank and IMF in Africa The U.S Connection Washington’s predominance ensured that whatever their theoretical mandates might be, the World Bank and the IMF would become ... policy content of adjustment programs (of the type supported by the IMF and the World Bank) .”29 The New York Times called the World Bank and the IMF, the overlords of Africa.” Beginning in 1980,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 11:20

... politics The Bank s understanding of good governance continues to reflect a concern over the effectiveness of the state rather than the equity of the economic system and the legitimacy of the power ... _ 1997 World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World (Washington DC: OUP for World Bank) _ 1994 Governance: The World Bank Experience (Washington, DC: The World Bank) ... strengthening governance systems and enhancing governing institutions The modernization of the state, the fight against corruption, the reform of judiciary, the strengthening of legislatures and the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 12:20

... in this regard, they are acutely aware of the Bank s connection to US power (and in particular the US Treasury) and the impact upon the Bank of the end of the Cold War, which they argue – along ... ‘visions’ for the Bank Four visions for the Bank are highlighted The first is the ‘Knowledge Bank , which they strongly associate with Stiglitz The second vision of the Bank is the organisation ... did the new projects and programmes of SIN take and why? What sorts of people, within and outside the Bank, were and were not engaged in them? What impact did the Bank s in-country work have and...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2014, 12:59

... với mức lãi suất thấp nhiều so với mức lãi suất mà quốc gia tự vay Theo xếp hạng World Bank năm 2007 Các nhóm nước xếp hạng theo GNI (gross national Income- tổng thu nhập quốc dân đầu người) ... triển Phản ứng nhạy bén trọng xóa nghèo mục tiêu IBRD IDA IFC cho dự án tư nhân nước phát triển vay theo giá thị trường vay dài hạn cấp vốn cho họ Sự tham gia IFC bảo đảm nhà đầu tư khác quan tâm...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2012, 15:53

... compares the predictability of the ECB with the one of the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve Bernhardsen and Kloster (2002) also compare the predictability of several central banks using ... for the Fed, among others, Roley and Sellon (1998), Poole and Rasche (2001), Kuttner (2001), Poole, Rasche and Thornton (2002), Cochrane and Piazzesi (2002); For the Bank of England, Haldane and ... predictability to the Fed In Section we analyse the reaction of the term structure of the euro area to the daily shocks and to the unexpected component of the monetary policy decisions of the ECB (the shocks...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 14:20

... October 2008, the ECB, the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Canada, the Bank of Sweden and the Swiss National Bank, with the support of the Bank of Japan, have carried out a coordinated ... defining the cost of money lent by banks to their customers, therefore they have effects on the behaviour of borrowers and consequently on the real economy On the other hand, prices set by banks ... alleviate the capital constraint by improving bank profits The size and the dynamics of the effect are highly dependent on the initial level and distribution of capital among banks Intuitively, the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 23:20

... Massey / The English Speaking World: Commonwealth and N America extreme, Canada at the other, with the UK and US somewhere between the middle and the New Zealand pole The process of reform and its ... of their internalisation, i.e their appropriation by the public, users and the people so that they recognise and accept them as an entity concerned for and working for the general interest, the ... threatened the buccaneering tradition of offshore finance centres such as the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey France, Germany and the Netherlands, not to mention the FBI, have demanded the residual...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... but if the players in the game believe them to be (and act as if they do) then the reality is constructed It follows from this that any analysis must examine these constructions and that the civic ... standard and income (in DM) Consumption standard (in DM) and occupational groups Consumption standard, occupational groups and income Consumption standard (in DM) and education Consumption standard ... The Psychology of Money and Public Finance This page intentionally left blank The Psychology of Money and Public Finance Günter Schmölders Selected and introduced by Björn Frank and Erich...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... to either form of society, we can say that the Oedipus complex contains the suppressed desire to kill the father and marry the mother, whilst in the case of the Trobriand Islanders with their ... society, the desire consists of marrying the sister and killing the mother’s brother.’34 These comparisons too shed new light on the institutions’ determining power over man, his behaviour and the ... attitudes such as the urge to make claims on the one hand and the willingness to perform public duties on the other; they tested the degree to which it is possible to transfer the socio-psychological...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... him; he is the head of the family and the head of the house, the family bears his name, he represents the household to the outside world, he earns the larger part of the money with which the household ... household and represents it to the outside world, who determines the social status of the other members of the household, i.e the income of the head of the household or the main income earner.17 The ... out how the totality of the funds flowing into that household are distributed across the integrated core household on the one hand and the associated non-core households on the other These non-core...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... of the easy-going than the punctilious type would see the movie despite the price of the balcony seats; the case is similar for the extraverted and the desultory versus the introverts and the ... austere and punctual people would also forgo the movie Loners and shy types would wait two hours for the next bus, while the efficient, easy-going, the vain and the social types would call a cab The ... widespread among the older people than among the younger, but that equally distinct differences appeared between the orderly, the punctilious and the introverts and their respective antipodes; the differences...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... entrepreneurs, although the reasons that could move those surveyed to retain their independence on the one hand, and on the other to give it up, were the same in both countries On the other hand this contrasting ... can read and write and furthermore they possess certain basic knowledge about the way machines work; in underdeveloped countries, on the other hand, the technical processes adopted from the West ... altogether in order to obtain better provisions for themselves and their followers Under these circumstances it is highly relevant to re-evaluate the image and the role of the entrepreneur in the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... whether their standards, apparently so strict, would resist the temptations to which they might be exposed under a different tax regime On the other hand, the extreme counter-hypothesis – that the ... the feeling that they are working to line their own pockets and not mainly for the benefit of the taxman In the intervening period, income tax levels in the UK and in the USA have themselves been ... strengthened in their impression that they were again one of the ‘dumb ones’ who paid up, while their smarter competitors were able to build up and expand their business on the back of the ‘involuntary...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... rather they are received teaching on public finance theory of the era concerned, but are simultaneously also and always an expression of the spirit of the age and the result of discussions in the ... the sought-after quid pro quo of protection by the state for person and property, the liberation of the poor, and setting taxes on the basis of the taxpayer’s ability to pay – and all under the ... research, and also investigated for the ability to combine them with the existing individual taxes and for their importance for the sense of imposition and tax resistance The notions of justice on the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... picture: The ease with which money can be raised depends on the one hand upon the composition of the spender’s assets and on his borrowing power and, on the other hand, upon the methods, moods, and ... and, on the other hand, the ‘total monetary demand’, which is nothing other than the ‘general demand’ of the price theory That it is not the volume of money in circulation, but the use made of ... really exist; on the other hand, the role of money in the ups and downs of business remained, for most of the writers, rather nebulous In the United States, the words ‘inflation’ and ‘deflation’...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... maintain is fixed by the central bank c = the amount of central bank money that is transferred to and retained in the non-banking sector at each stage of the credit expansion process.) The German postal ... 37, 139 age and consumption level, 132 and consumption standard, 130 and income expectations, 68 and mental attitude, 67 and psychology of saving, 100 and saving, 24 and thrift, 60 and wishes, ... growth to the contribution of the so-called ‘economic factors’ – labour and capital investment on the one hand and the ‘imponderables’ – industriousness, intelligence, technical knowledge and organization...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... him; he is the head of the family and the head of the house, the family bears his name, he represents the household to the outside world, he earns the larger part of the money with which the household ... household and represents it to the outside world, who determines the social status of the other members of the household, i.e the income of the head of the household or the main income earner.17 The ... out how the totality of the funds flowing into that household are distributed across the integrated core household on the one hand and the associated non-core households on the other These non-core...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... side and the private and public sector on the other Communications between and within sectors were very rigidly defined and concerned the creation and the disappearance of means of payment In these ... usual way as the sum of demand deposits adjusted at commercial banks and currency outside the banks’.30 Common to these attempts at defining money is the tendency by most authors to base their elaborations ... models and to relax the theoretical assumptions step by step in order to adapt the model to the reality of a given currency and credit system The result was a neatly boxed-in scheme with the banking...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20