... imply
endorsement ofthe editors or publisher.
Errors brought to the attention of the
publisher and verified to the satisfaction of
the publisher will be corrected in future
editions.
The GaleEncyclopediaof ... VOLUME
A-L
1
The
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
NEurological
Disorders
STACEY L. CHAMBERLIN, BRIGHAM NARINS, EDITORS
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Agnosia
Key ... University
Vitória, Brazil
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Contributors
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Alcohol-related neurological...
... direct the guide wire to the correct location.
Once it is in position, the needle is then removed, and a
catheter is threaded over the length ofthe guide wire until
it reaches the area of study. The ... number of doses of triptans per month. Patients who
need more doses either must have their doctors try to get
the insurance company to authorize them, or the patients
must pay the full price ofthe ... role in
the progression ofthe disease. The accumulation of dam-
age and loss of brain cells eventually results in the failure
of many different organ systems in the body. According to
the National...
... 110
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127
Autonomic dysfunction
Key Terms
Dysarthria A group of speech disorders caused by
disturbances in the strength or coordination of the
muscles of ... location of the
defective chromosome. Autosomal dominant inheritance
requires the presence ofthe mutation in only one of the
two copies of a gene (maternal or paternal) to trigger the
onset ofthe ... Arnold-Chiari
malformations. One hypothesis is that the base ofthe skull
is too small, forcing the cerebellum downward. Another
theory focuses on overgrowth in the cerebellar region. The
overgrowth pushes the cerebellum...
... The
process of atherosclerosis causes a hardening ofthe walls
of the arteries and, in the case of atherosclerosis in the
carotid artery, results in a carotid stenosis that reduces the
flow of ... stenosis is the medical description ofthe nar-
rowing or constriction ofthe carotid artery. The artery is
located in the neck, and the narrowing ofthe artery is
caused by the buildup of plaque ... specific
to the type of tumor, location ofthe tumor, and general
health ofthe patient. Surgery, radiation therapy, and
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Beriberi
ã...
... Page 241
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GALE ENCYCLOPEDIAOFNEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Cerebral circulation
In the embryo, the components ofthe circle of Willis
develop from the embryonic dorsal aortae and the embry-
onic ... The part ofthe brain that
is damaged determines what parts ofthe body are affected.
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Chorea
Key Terms
Athetosis ... which they are named.
In the spinal cord of humans, the myelin-coated axons
are on the surface and the axon-dendrite network is on the
inside. In cross-section, the pattern of contrasting color of
these...
... overheating.
The pair of globular mammillary bodies are partially
embedded in the underside ofthe hypothalamus. They are
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Diabetic ... symptoms
The cause of dermatomyositis is a disruption in the
functioning ofthe immune system, although the precise
details ofthe malfunction are not yet known. While the
basis ofthe disease ... Ac-
cording to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), about
42% ofthe population ofthe United States will complain
of dizziness at some point in their lives. In the United
States, the cost of medical...
... on the severity of
the problem and the underlying cause. If the speech diffi-
culties are mild to moderate, and the cause has been
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GALEENCYCLOPEDIAOFNEUROLOGICAL ... although, clinically, the two often share
signs and symptoms of inflammation ofthe meninges.
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Dyskinesia
Tremors ... by
underactivity ofthe pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland The most important ofthe en-
docrine glands (glands that release hormones di-
rectly into the bloodstream), the pituitary is located
at the base of the...
... Page 401
354
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Epilepsy
There are two vagal nerves, one on each side ofthe neck
near the carotid arteries, making a pair of cranial nerves
(there are 12 ... especially
around the neck. Because the seizure occurs in the setting
of a fever, the main target of therapy is to bring the fever
down. Removing the clothes and applying cool washcloths
to the child’s ... Fabry
disease.
Diagnosis
Initially, the diagnosis of Fabry disease is based on the
presence ofthe symptoms. It should also be suspected if
there is a family history ofthe disorder. The diagnosis of
Fabry disease...
... Page 432
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Hydrocephalus
Key Terms
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The clear fluid made in
the ventricular cavities ofthe brain that bathes the
brain ... contraction
of the facial muscles limited to one side ofthe face. The
eyelids are involved, and upturning ofthe corner of the
mouth is observed. The patient may have facial twitching
during periods of ... 11:06 AM Page 429
430
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Hydrocephalus
Key Terms
Brainstem The stalk ofthe brain that connects the
two cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is
involved...
... AM Page 470
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Lissencephaly
Key Terms
Cerebral cortex The layer of gray matter that
makes up the surface of cerebral hemispheres of the
brain. It ... Some
individuals (most often the males) may have a split in the
tissue in the iris ofthe eye. Each of these problems will af-
fect their vision, and eye surgery may not be beneficial.
The central nervous ... 508
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIAOFNEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Lyme disease
Patient history and symptoms
The diagnosis of Lyme disease is complicated by the
fact that about 25% of patients do not develop the...
... 524
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIAOFNEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Meninges
Anatomy
The outer surface ofthe dura adheres to the skull,
while the inner surface is loosely connected to the arach-
noid layer. The ... mobility
devices
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Ménière’s disease
Key Terms
Aphasia Loss ofthe ... through the fourth ventricle, and then through open-
ings at the base ofthe brain and around the brain stem.
Some ofthe fluid circulates down through the subarach-
noid space encircling the length...