... article describes the findings ofthe first Page of 14 stage - the qualitative research which fed into the design ofthe questionnaire and contingent valuation The focus ofthe study in Vietnam ... routes, the desirability of different job attributes and their priorities for change Finally, the guide for medical students was focussed on their motivation and expectations ofthe profession, their ... retention of doctors in rural areas This section presents the findings ofthe interviews, following the themes laid out in Table Motivation to join the profession Medicine is a high-ranking profession...
... A History of Interest Rates.) The tradeoff between the variability of bill payouts and the interestrate risk of consols reverses during the twentieth century With the abandonment ofthe gold standard ... at the will of its citizens So it cannot expand the supply of paper money; otherwise it will risk depleting its gold supply at the hands of individuals who, detecting the increased numbersof ... probability (the bell-shaped curve) predicted by the laws of statistics As you can see, the agreement is quite good 26 TheFour Pillars of Investing Long-term risk the probability of running out of money...
... DR The total present value ofthe mine—in effect, its “true value”—is the sum of all ofthe future dividends, discounted to the present This is the sum at the bottom ofthe table: $8,225 The ... rate of inflation: The higher the rate of inflation, the less value in terms of real spending power you can expect to receive in the future 46 TheFour Pillars of Investing • The “impatience” of ... value The amount of this reduction must take into account four things: • The number of years you have to wait: The further in the future you receive income, the less it is worth to you now • The...
... that the 2% expense doesn’t matter that much But because ofthe 2% drag, instead of 50% ofthe chimps beating the market each year, only about 40% of them With the passage of time, however, the ... subtracted The thick vertical black line in the middle ofthe graph represents the market performance The bars on the left represent the number of funds underperforming the market, and the bars on the ... what the condition ofthe economy or their employment On the other hand, the earnings and dividends of auto manufacturers are notoriously sensitive to economic conditions Because the purchase of...
... Obviously, the magnitude of impact costs depends on the size ofthe fund, the size ofthe company, and the total amount transacted As a first approximation, assume that it is equal to the spread Thefour ... PIMCO, or Goldman Sachs It’s like a game of tennis in which the players on the other side ofthe net are invisible The bad news is that most ofthe time, it’s the Williams sisters It never ceases ... miles of seabed But when their estimates were averaged together, its position was pinpointed to within 220 yards In other words, the market’s estimate ofthe proper price of a stock, or of the...
... is then funneled into a long pipe From the perspective ofthe person at the pump handle the innovator and the wealthy firstadopter the water is clearly coming in spurts But to the person at the ... at the 132 TheFour Pillars of Investing end ofthe pipe the average consumer, and, more importantly, the investor the water is flowing evenly To illustrate the point, I’ve plotted the real gross ... consisted of a cluster of coffeehouses in the neighborhood of Change Alley By the late seventeenth century, these coffeehouses became the most active and advanced exchanges in the world The average “stock...
... On the other hand, the societal benefit ofthe railroads was immeasurable, allowing the settling and growth ofthe breadth ofthe continent The financial rewards from the railroads went to the ... drop of 90%? Of course, there were plenty of individual stocks that were ridiculously overpriced, some the result of rampant speculation and others of outright fraud But the history ofthe 1920s ... and, by the time ofthe pool, was head ofthe Democratic National Committee The second unique institution ofthe 1920s was the “investment trust.” Like the modern mutual fund, it had professional...
... to four times the valuation of a typical company This means the market expected these companies to eventually increase their earnings relative to the size ofthe market to three or four times their ... think that you’re smarter and faster than all of them? On top of that, there are tens of thousands of professional investors using the kind of software, hardware, data, technical support, and ... looked at the popular growth stocks the top fifth ofthe market in terms of their P/E ratio Their data showed that these very expensive companies increased their earnings about 10% faster than the...
... for the tech collapse of 2000 The story of Select Technology is emblematic ofthe nature of fund flows First, they are most often contrary indicators—funds in high-performing sectors ofthe market ... dependent on the good will ofthe company If analysts are too critical ofthe companies they are covering, that vital information the lifeblood of their craft—could dry up in a heartbeat So the recommendations ... Seen from the inside, the brokerages appear 198 TheFour Pillars of Investing geared almost entirely to excessive trading and the resultant fees and spreads The most shocking aspect ofthe brokerage...
... generalized lack of knowledge of three ofthefour pillars—investment theory, history, and psychology Toss in the inevitable luck ofthe draw, and many will have long-term real returns of less than ... knew the ins and outs ofthe fund playbook the Investment Company Act of 1940—as well as Jack Bogle Among other things, the Act mandated that the fund directorship be separate from that ofthe ... and the like On the other hand, the folks at the top ofthe greasy pole the regular columnists for the major national periodicals—are usually wellinformed and smart enough to understand the futility...
... within the sheltered (retirement) part ofthe portfolio she chooses On the other hand, if she invests all ofthe money in stocks, then she will be able to invest only the tax-sheltered 10% of it ... for a total of 13.2% foreign equity (the sum ofthefour international funds) and 6% REITs So, ofthe second $5,000 added, only $1,500 will go into the Total International Fund The other $3,500 ... auction (Initially, the two- and five-year notes are bought at auction, the others in the “secondary market.”) The other three-quarters ofthe bond allocation are split among the Vanguard Short-Term...
... most of what these poor folks traded, and my guess is that many of them had recently been on the phone to Momma inquiring about the availability of their old room On the other hand, if only 2% of ... 1.0741 Therefore, the unrebalanced return is 7.41% The calculation ofthe unrebalanced return is the source of not a little mischief Many mistakenly calculate it as the weighted average ofthe annualized ... which were the runaway winner in 2000 The three-year return ofthe rebalanced portfolio was 8.48% Had you not 290 TheFour Pillars of Investing rebalanced back to equal weighting at the end of 1998...
... exist, then the atheist roasts eternally in Hell The rational person thus chooses to believe in Him The financial markets work the same way, and the canyons of Wall Street are littered with the ... Duh The laws of arithmetic continue to apply: since professional investors are the market, in the aggregate they must receive the market return minus expenses I’m not going to bore you with the ... with them The place to be? Emerging markets, of course, with their blistering economies This line of reasoning has more than a few flaws First of all, it turns out that, on average, the stocks of...
... God's own thoughts, thereby achieving apotheosis -the ascent ofthe mind of man to the mind of ro Minding Closely God By the time of Galileo, mathematics was called the language of God In order to ... followed by the formation of hypotheses, which are then put to the test of experience We are following in the footsteps ofgiants ofthe past, who probed these issues deeply and presented their conclusions ... settling the body, speech, and mind in their natural states ofequilibrium Bring awareness to the field ofthe body, becoming mindfully present from the soles ofthe feet to the crown ofthe head...
... God's own thoughts, thereby achieving apotheosis -the ascent ofthe mind of man to the mind of ro Minding Closely God By the time of Galileo, mathematics was called the language of God In order to ... followed by the formation of hypotheses, which are then put to the test of experience We are following in the footsteps ofgiants ofthe past, who probed these issues deeply and presented their conclusions ... settling the body, speech, and mind in their natural states ofequilibrium Bring awareness to the field ofthe body, becoming mindfully present from the soles ofthe feet to the crown ofthe head...
... edges, then clearly G can be dominated by v together with a vertex of degree taken from A So we may assume that A has at most one edge The sum ofthe degrees (in G) ofthe vertices of A is since the ... All graphs are either regular or almost regular The vertices are numbered 0, 1, , n − and the i-th row represents the neighbors ofthe vertex in the first entry of that row These graphs were ... γ(G) ≤ Proof The graph G = (V, E) must have six vertices of degree and a single vertex of degree Let v be a vertex of degree which is adjacent to a vertex of degree Let A denote the set of three...
... ≥ 1, the electronic journal of combinatorics (2000), #R58 Hence gk = and γ(n, δ) ≤ γ ∗ (n, δ) ≤ k The theorem therefore follows from the definition of δk+1 (n) which is the maximum value of δ ... But γ(n, δk (n)) ≥ k by definition of δk (n) The theorem therefore follows In the next section we show that if k = then the above theorem holds for n ≥ Note that the results in this section are ... where γ(Γ) denotes the domination number of Γ We are interested in the behavior ofthe right side ofthe sequence n = γ(n, 0) ≥ γ(n, 1) ≥ · · · ≥ γ(n, n − 1) = (1.1) In [2] the values γ(n, δ)...
... break or destroy the symmetries of G because the only member ofthe automorphism group of (G, φ) is the identity map The distinguishing number of G, D(G), is the minimum number of labels needed ... of all the automorphisms of G Additionally, the permutation π is an automorphism ofthe labeled graph (G, φ) if π not only preserves the adjacencies of G but the labels of G as well In other words, ... Similar to the automorphism group of G, Aut((G, φ)) consists of all the automorphisms of (G, φ) We define the automorphisms of rooted graphs and rooted labeled graphs in the same way with the extra...
... 450 000 by 1995 The number of men grew only marginally from 425 000 to 480 000 over the same period In defence, the number of men declined from 225 000 to 200 000, while the number of women rose ... women worked in the communications sector Twenty years later, though the number of men remained unchanged, the number of women rose to 550 000 A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and ... retail trade sector, where the number of women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later The number of men in this sector remained stable over the period, at around 700...