the environmental marine oil pollution liability regime

... III The Environmental (Marine – Oil) Pollution Liability Legal Regime The marine oil pollution liability legal regime has been developed via the various conventions, resolutions and codes that the ... between the contamination and the loss or damage sustained by the claimant must exist.37 The strict marine oil pollution civil liability model, which was imposed by the CLC 1992 and the Fund ... Law for Environmental Pollution Liability The U.S.A has an explicit oil spill liability mechanism to address the Deepwater Horizon incident In 1990, Congress enacted the OPA to strengthen the safety...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

... environment against marine pollution under the 1991 Protocol Christopher C Joyner Marine pollution in the Antarctic Marine pollution law in the 1991 Environmental Protocol The annexes The balance sheet ... the Barents and Kara Seas: Russian implementation of the global dumping regime Olav Schram Stokke The problem of radioactive waste The global dumping regime Implementing the dumping regime: the ... Development OILPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1954) OPA (United States) Oil Pollution Act (1990) OPRC International Convention on Oil Pollution...

Ngày tải lên: 21/09/2012, 10:58

... ship-sourced marine pollution has been the subject of global attention since the 1950s following the adoption of the 1954 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil1 1 (OILPOL) ... cent of marine pollution, 8 land-based pollution has been the least regulated form of marine pollution at the global level There is no specific convention dealing with this problem, though the international ... well as liability resulting from marine pollution and other maritime incidents resulting in impact upon the marine environment.10 The result is a global body of law dealing with marine pollution...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... relevant environmental impacts altogether • Although many oil and gas companies have taken steps to reduce the environmental, safety, and health impacts of their operations, there are still environmental ... proven to be a region-wide trend Nevertheless, these groundwater incidents and the environmental issues they raise may warrant further investigation by EPA and others Using predominantly 2002 baseline ... in the decades to come At the same time, many of the region’s oil and gas reserves are located in ecologically sensitive areas, raising concerns about the environmental impacts of production These...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... by the diagram below As one can see, the quality of air pollution depends on the level of income per capita Furthermore, based on the theory it follows an inverted-U shape 7 | P a g e     Air pollution ... assumes that the environment becomes better as income increases Furthermore, one of the criticisms of the EKC is that it has an anti-environmentalist tone because it downplays the urgency of the environment ... discuss possible reasons for the relationship as well as recommend policies for the care of the environment 3 | P a g e     C Statement of the Hypothesis According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... of the larger urban sources of pollution such as traffic, industrial boilers and incineration On the other hand, because the monitors were fixed-site, the estimates did not take into account pollution ... for assessing the environmental burden of outdoor air pollution at national and local levels The methods in the series use the general framework for global assessments described in the World Health ... to the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 A value of was added to the X terms in the formula to ensure that the log function is defined at X = The value of Xo is usually assumed to be either: the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... countries, none of the pollutants examined in the literature fulfills the EKC hypothesis unequivocally (Ekins, 1997) Many authors affirm that the EKC hypothesis could only be fulfilled in the case of ... scarce environmental impact At a second stage, the steadily greater weight of the industrial sector entails an increase in pollution and, therefore, greater environmental degradation Finally, at the ... coherent with the idea that economic growth endogenously bears the solution to the environmental problems that it entails, but all the explanations meet clear limitations Therefore, the majority...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

... to the pollution of the marine environment Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that their contribution is very large.115 In particular, atmospheric deposition is the most likely way into the marine ... Oceans and the Law of the Sea – Report to the 60th session of the General Assembly, March 2005, para 104 113 Chapter 2: Threats to the Marine Environment 25 find their way into the sea from the above-mentioned ... of the most serious consequences of a spill not result from the oil itself, but from the detergents and other highly toxic chemical substances used to disperse the oil in the water during the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... owner: (a) the ship from which the oil causing the pollution damage escaped did not comply with the requirements laid down in: (i) the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution ... importance of maintaining the viability of the international oil pollution liability and compensation system, AWARE OF the need to ensure the entry into force of the content of the 1984 Protocol as ... instructions to the Director concerning the administration of the Fund and supervising the proper execution, by him of the Convention, of the decisions of the Assembly and of the Committee's...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2016, 18:35

... instrument together with the date thereof; (ii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Convention together with the date of the deposit; (iii) the extension of the present Convention ... of the constitution of the fund 10 For the purpose of this Article the ship's tonnage shall be the net tonnage of the ship with the addition of the amount deducted from the gross tonnage on account ... validity of the insurance or other security The certificate shall be in the official language or languages of the issuing State If the language used is neither English nor French, the text shall...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2016, 18:38

... Lean The roof represents the customer-oriented goal of Lean: to provide the highest quality products and services, at the lowest cost, with the shortest lead time At the core of the “house” is the ... thinking into the core fabric of business strategy and operations Despite the progress, there is still significant opportunity to improve environmental performance—further reducing the environmental ... get the wealth of environmental management tools that exist into the right hands, more would be done While this thinking is clearly important, there is reason to suspect there is more to the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/02/2013, 09:23

... commitment to the protection of the Arctic marine environment The Manhattan incident The catalyst for the eventual development of the first specific provision for the polar marine environment in the international ... sides of the Arctic Ocean.33 The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War diminished these threats 32 33 On the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the context of vessel-source pollution, ... direct interest in the Southern Ocean Likewise, in the north, there are six other Arctic states plus numerous other states which have interests in the region Nevertheless, the chapter provides...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... for the Arctic Then there is the ‘bipolar’ case of the United States One other important polar state, Russia, is more thoroughly addressed in terms of the various sources of pollution in the ... the ‘ends of the earth’, with their extreme conditions, in contrast to all the other, more temperate seas of our world And they are special in the political and legal sense, not least since the ... a moment both their unique features and the impact of the Arctic and Southern Oceans on the global environment, their sheer size deserves closer notice The combined surface of the two polar oceans...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... the gravest environmental dangers in the region and the extent to which they generate threats to the marine environment Land-based activities16 A significant cause for environmental worry in the ... Policy 1945–96: The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and the NSR’, in W Østreng (ed.), National Security and International Environmental Cooperation in the Arctic – The Case of the Northern Sea ... Fjord in the east to the Zapadnaya Fjord some 40 kilometres from the Norwegian border Neither the safety practices of those operating the numerous nuclear installations at these bases nor the quality...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... instruments for marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean Other major issue-areas involved in the implementation of the Protocol include: institutionalisation within the ATS; further normative ... further strengthen recognition of the particularly sensitive character of ice-covered parts of the Arctic Ocean.73 They also noted the need for strict standards in the transportation of oil in the ... definition and the delineation of the Arctic was therefore left to the Arctic countries themselves.95 What then of the opposite pole, and the long-standing controversy over how to define the Antarctic’?96...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... The LOS Convention and the polar marine environment 35 As a consequence of a belief in the importance of the LOS Convention, the ministers of the Arctic countries concluded in the AEPS that the ... the ‘status of Antarctica’ Thus, all law of the sea issues, that not impinge on the unresolved problem of the status of Antarctica (e.g., the regime of the high seas, the main principles on the ... from the realisation that the LOS Convention is insufficient as regards the regulation of marine environmental protection The concept of the ‘umbrella treaty’ also has another aspect: it sees the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... either by the WHO unit responsible for the area, by other experts in the area, or as authors of key publications We tried to balance the survey by including experts both from the disease and the ... distribution for the attributable fraction (Figure 3) The arithmetic mean of the combined probability distribution is the best estimate of the attributable fraction for the disease, with the new 95% ... estimated the fraction of disease attributable to the environment by first estimating the causes of disease that are not environmental, and then attributing the remaining fraction to the environment...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... Europe Also, pollution from the countries at the east of the EU will contribute to the air pollution within the EU Likewise the EU countries also export pollutants to other countries These import ... satellites The satellites is positioned above the equator at such a high altitude (40.000 km) that they have the same rotational period as the earth Therefore they always see the same part of the earth, ... their effect on the radiance mimics the surface reflectance: part of the radiance is absorbed, part is scattered back Fitting the surface reflectance as one of the unknowns in the retrieval then...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20