the economics of taxation

... firms; the profits of other firms are taxed as part of the personal income of their owners The computation of the corporate income tax liability of a firm follows a number of rules that concern the ... here The positive study of taxation does not reduce to the elements given in the first part of this book One may want to go beyond the study of the effects of taxation on economic decisions of private ... Effects of Taxation The first part of this book is dedicated to the study of the economic effects of taxation Assume, for instance, that government decides to raise the VAT on sales of cars The political...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2013, 11:42

... 1-16 The Economics of Electronic Commerce Current Commercial Uses of the Internet The size of the market, judged by the number of agents or domain names, is growing rapidly on the Internet The growth ... these mechanisms depend on the neutrality and trustworthiness of the parties who provide the supposedly objective information The neutrality of these parties is often in doubt, or otherwise their ... conveyed in many ways As the virtual cyberspace exists in the minds of the users, the idea or information—as the product of the mind—is said to be the native dweller of the cyberspace Its economic...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 11:15

... and the Economics of Security presents the latest research on the economics driving both the risks and the solutions These chapters represent some of the best, cutting-edge research within the ... than 20 percent of the number of payments processed in the EU), the focus of the analysis is mainly on the euro area: the above-mentioned 10 euro area countries in the survey together process about ... and the terminology and concepts can be difficult to master Yet, the growth in cyber crime continues to bring the stories to the forefront of many publications At the Workshop of the Economics of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 17:15

... at the Fed? 32 Why the Chairman of the Board of Governors Really Runs the Show 330 How Independent is the Fedl Inside the Fed 32 325 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Inside the ... 320 32 The Political Genius of the Founders of the Federal Reserve System Structure of the Federal Reserve System 322 Federal Reserve Banks Inside the Fed 323 The Special Role of the Federal ... CHAPTER The Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market Hypothesis 147 Computing the Price of Common Stock 147 The One-Period Valuation Model 14H 149 The Generalized...

Ngày tải lên: 06/12/2013, 14:20

... fiber all the way to the home or office and offer the most future-proof solution in terms of pure bandwidth capabilities But in some cases, FTTP may not be the optimal solution in terms of overall ... The Economics of FTTN vs FTTP There are three predominant schools of thought regarding how to meet the everincreasing bandwidth needs of consumers and businesses Fiber-to -the- premise ... customer The Economics of FTTN vs FTTP The business case Bandwidth – how much is enough? Every operating company must consider its own business case in relation to the capabilities of the existing...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 17:15

... subjects: Definition The scale of Viet Nam‘s stock market The situation of Viet Nam‘s stock market today Limitation of Viet Nam‘s stock market II How does it influence on the economics of Viet Nam? ... influence on the economics of Viet Nam? Positive influence: - To motivate the capital amassment and collection - To forecast the cycle of economics development 1 Positive influence: - To give the government ... TOPIC Talk about the state of trading shares on Viet Nam stock exchange nowaday? - How does it influence on the economics of Viet Nam? - Topic has two part: I Talk about the state of trading shares...

Ngày tải lên: 07/01/2014, 11:13

... disclosure of entities such as bills, it is hard to control and supervise a substance of these activities The evaluation of the reliability of the information that is hard to be corrected Therefore, the ... shares of companies offered to the public Conclusion, it is necessary to expand the scope of activities of individual securities offering +For information proclaimation: The expansion of disclosure ... strictness of the law, meet the requirements of international economic integration Thereby helping the stock market develop towards a positive and sustainable way +About individual securities offers, the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/01/2014, 12:19

... necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work The boundaries, ... maintenance costs The first part of the right side of equation (2) is referred to as the delta-P component of the cost of adaptation, and the second part as the delta-Q component These components ... all other sectors Then estimating the size of the adaptation deficit requires estimating the degree of government underspending in climate-sensitive areas relative to all other areas of the economy...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 10:20

... shown the sterility of the earlier political theory which thought only in terms of the individual and his state The wonderful vitality of the Marxian theory of labour value in spite of all the ... spheres, the first of which (that of labour-value) is the simplest; the second, including the phenomenon of an average rate of profit, and the creation of cost of production, is more complex, and the ... defenders of the theory, or to one of its no less hasty opponents.(8*) He acknowledges the complexity of history, how the products of the first degree first establish themselves, and then isolate themselves...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 12:20

... nplies, therefore, that and the optimal rather than one of the 25 of the payment "by" offenders would not be received by the rest of society, and a net social loss would result The elasticity of the ... relations: the costs of apprehension and conviction and the elasticities of response of offenses to changes in p andf The smaller these costs or the greater these elasticities, the smaller the cost of ... Table These can be divided into five categories: the relations between (1) the number of crimes, called "offenses" in this essay, and the cost of offenses, (2) the number of offenses and the punishments...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... was the most damaging in terms of both cost of illness and loss of QALYs Salmonella in poultry was the fourth most damaging in terms of the combined impact of cost of illness and loss of QALYs The ... “Generally, there should be a stricter application of the ‘Polluter Pays’ principle, internalising the costs of the environmental externalities into the price of the products”.42 The Foresight ... free-range system.16 The table on page shows the farm level cost of producing one pound (0.45kg) of pigmeat in each of the four systems investigated by the study THE ECONOMICS OF MOVING TO HIGHER...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 20:20

... show a higher return if the asset was the S&P 500 than if it was a diversified portfolio of bonds, regardless of the date of purchase and the date of sale The size of the equity premium is a ... converting the accumulated stocks to bonds at multiple dates near the end of one’s career The idea, of course, is to reduce the importance of the level of the stock market on a particular day The pension ... enters the profession Assuming that all individuals making up an entry cohort are the same age in year c, the variable a equals the age of the cohort in the current year minus the cohort’s age at the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 02:20

... flow of benefits from the good or asset Much of the focus of the property rights literature is on understanding the nature of the rights, who has them, and the outcomes associated with these ... stage, such that the value of the state variable in the next period depends only on the value of the state variable in the current period and the decision in the current period If the objective ... the final stage or period of the program, T The method of solution is to first express the problem in the form of the functional recurrence equation for the final stage or time period (T in the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 04:20

... indications Therefore, our quantity measures are not literally the number of patient-days of therapy being consumed, but rather the number of patient-days of therapy which would be consumed if all of the ... these quantities are therapeutically equivalent The quantity of patient-days of therapy of a drug sold in a given month is equal to the total number of milligrams sold divided by the number of ... in the United States.’ Emst R Bemdt is professor of applied economics at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Linda T Bui is assistant professor of economics...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 08:20

... outside the home countries At the same time, the share of manufacturing in most of the world’s economies is declining, and that of services is increasing The net result of these two forces, and of the ... Relation of the Directors to the Work and Publications of the National Bureau of Economic Research The object of the National Bureau of Economic Research is to ascertain and to present to the public ... thirty days of the transmittal of the manuscript, the report may be published If at the end of that period any member of the manuscript committee withholds his approval, the President shall then notify...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 13:20

... For non‐users the reason that was mentioned most often as the primary cause of non‐adoption was lack  of adequate access to the network of agents.  In the year since the survey was fielded, the number of ... Since the launch of M‐PESA in March 2007, wary of regulation by the Central Bank of Kenya, Safaricom  has been at pains to stress that M‐PESA is not a bank.  On the other hand, the ubiquity of the cell phone  ... advantage, recipients could be in a position to keep more of the funds they receive.  Evidence suggesting  the spending patterns of women and men differ (see, e.g., Chattopadhyay and Duflo, 2004) then implies  that the advent of M‐PESA could have real effects on the allocation of household spending.  These are ...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20