the citric acid cycle

... into the origin of its individual enzymes However, the study of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle necessarily also entails the study of the several enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle ... investigate the evolution of the enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the glyoxylate cycle by examining the individual phylogenies of the 21 subunits ... eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, or tricarboxylic acid cycle) is an important pathway in that it is the primary source of electrons (usually stemming from pyruvate) donated to the respiratory...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 04:20

... each of the citric acid cycle s eight reactions and understand how flux through the cycle is regulated; Understand the energetic output of the citric acid cycle; 12 INTRODUCTION Describe the role ... acetyl-CoA, the initiator of the citric acid cycle Select the various molecules to learn how each compound ultimately enters the citric acid cycle as acetyl-CoA Then consider how the efficiency ... precursor for amino acids in an anabolic pathway, or it may be catabolized to carbon dioxide during the reactions of the citric acid cycle As such, the citric acid cycle is neither purely anabolic...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... could suppress the cycle in order to change the carbon flux to other pathways, such as glutamate biosynthesis, under the condition of excess turnover of the RTCA cycle Further studies of the enzyme ... of the key enzymes of the RTCA cycle, ATP-citrate lyase [24] The results demonstrated the heteromeric structure of this enzyme and its role in regulating the direction and flux of the RTCA cycle ... Stetter, K.-O & Fuchs, G (1993) Enzymes of the reductive citric acid cycle in the autotrophic eubacterium Aquifex pyrophilus and in the archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus Arch Microbiol...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 10:20

... Influence of the j2 potential on the capacity and cycle life of the negative plate The in¯uence of the potential, j2 during the second charge step on the cycle life and the capacity of the negative ... case the cycle life of the electrodes is very short The fast charge of the electrode yields a bit longer cycle life The reason for the steep decline in capacity and hence for the end of cycle ... 0.05 C The in¯uence of the charge potential j2 during the second step, on the cycle life of the negative electrode is illustrated in Fig 13 The cycle life of the model electrode depends on the potential...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... against the mean of the sum scores On each plot, the central line represents the mean of the intra-individual differences, and the flanking lines represent the 95% limits of agreement establishing the ... reflect the respiratory manoeuvres that preceded the measurement If a real effect then this might be due to a greater small airways delivery with the KoKo Somewhat against the hypothesis that the ... baseline plotted against the mean of the sum scores On each plot, the central line represents the mean of the intra-individual differences, and the flanking lines represent the 95% limits of agreement...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 10:20

... things better They so because they believe in the potential of the people that work for them, they are prepared to invest in those people and they have the wisdom to follow through once they have ... less is also the same as the mean This value is known as the median Looking at the data in the chart, there are 75 calls recorded The middle value is therefore call number 35, as there are 37 ... from the lowest, the 35th data record is in the class 0:30 to 0:40 In other words, although the data are skewed, the median is very close to the mode Certainly it is in the same class Why bother...

Ngày tải lên: 07/02/2013, 09:46

... are distributed in the interior of the blended resin When the blended resin is immersed into the Ni2+ solution, the Ni2+ ion will diffuse into the resin through the pores in the exterior and interior ... surface[32] Since the structure of the blended resin has the polyamino polycarboxylic acid chelating group, the pH dependencies of the Ni2+ ion have to be determined The effect of pH on the adsorption ... 90% Therefore, the blended resin can be reused without any significant loss in the adsorption performance Therefore, for the further research on the blended resin should be done, such as the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... rest of the application The specification therefore demands that the portlet be loaded by the same classloader as the rest of the portlet application This guarantees that the servlets and other ... Page 71 The Portlet Life Cycle Summary In this chapter, we have discussed the life cycle of a portlet The portlet container calls the init() method on the portlet to initialize the portlet, the portlet ... function In each case, the request represents the state of the session for the user, and the response object allows the method to interact with the portlet’s response The RenderRequest object...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2013, 04:20

... those of the middle Pleistocene (Jahns et al., 1998) The complexity of the African climate is the result of the size and heterogeneous nature of the continent Nevertheless links between Northern ... inhibited altogether Further east, on the Russian Plain, the dense temperate forest of the last interglacial maximum was replaced by open, harsh, loess-steppe with the onset of the LGM (Rousseau ... Mook, 1982) Sites on the southern fringe of the Eurasian Plain and bordering the Mediterranean lands may reflect the climatic and environmental changes of the glacial– interglacial cycles more accurately...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 21:15

... confirmed by DNA sequencing The design of the mutants was intended to preserve the amino acid character and to modify only the relative volume of their R groups The expression of the FNR mutants as soluble ... understanding of the structural and functional role of this tyrosine and the interacting amino acids C266, G267 and L268 The data support the hypothesis that the aromatic interaction between the flavin, ... and the nicotinamide of NADP+ is precisely tuned by selecting amino acids that face the other side of the tyrosine phenol ring The specific volumes of the above-mentioned residues condition the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 17:20

... H+-amino acid transporters across the MCBSC interface, and depends on the continuity of the electrochemical H+ gradient between the two cell types The location of the GS1 Fd-GOGAT cycle in the BSCs, ... which the amino acids are loaded to the phloem for the grain In the phloem sap, glutamine is the preferred nitrogen carrier rather than asparagine (Table 1) This can be attributed in part to the ... level in the light and dark (Fig 1E, Table 1) The increase in ammonium was inversely correlated with the decline in glutamic acid and aspartic acid in the light (Fig 1B,D,F) Expression of the genes...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20

... to be present in the shutter region, although differently organized, in both the stressed and the relaxed conformations [15] The network involves the side chains of the amino acids in positions ... of the cases; residue 186 an Asn in 87% of the cases; and residue 334 a His in 80% of the cases [3] In addition, residue 54 is a Pro in 89% of the cases The importance of the identity of the ... of the RCL through the gate region Based on the aminoacid sequence of the RCL and b strand 5A being directly continuous, it may be proposed that movements of the RCL during passage through the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 07:20

... secondary structure of the fragment species, and these significantly modify the physical state of the fatty acid in solution The increase in the a-helical structure in the fragment species upon ... of the effluent from the column that were collected for further studies fatty acid [20] The conformational features of a-LA in the OA complex are those of a protein MG, and upon binding to the ... that the toxic action of an OA complex resides in the fatty acid rather than in the protein moiety The present results show that OA displays new physicochemical and aggregation properties in the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 09:22

... biosynthesis, and are the first experimental evidence for the functional assignment of ORF6 from the clavulanic acid super-cluster The first step of the biosynthetic pathway to clavulanic acid (Scheme ... of the hydrogens of the a-acetyl CH3 group of the N-acetylated compounds (Fig 5) The obser- Role of ORF6 in clavulanic acid biosynthesis These results clearly demonstrate that ORF6 catalyses the ... presence of two bands for the b subunit in the latter consequently designated as the a subunit, the b subunit being the larger C-terminal portion The b subunit had the N-terminal sequence TLLTFFATDA,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 22:20

... responsible for the synthesis of RP p27 (Reaction 40, C40 $3) The steps advancing the RP the most (i.e with the highest negative control values) are: (a) the synthesis reactions of the DRGs and ... of the mammalian cell division cycle A time integration for 30 h is shown for six of the intermediates of the system The G1-, S/G2- and M-phases for one cell cycle are indicated in the graph The ... mammalian cell cycle model on the time of occurrence of the RP, CiRP The analysis revealed (Fig 3) that the control is distributed over the reaction network, with the majority of the reactions...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 09:20

... example, the impact of the U.S of the early 1990s and the effect of the consolidation of the banking industry on the of credit to small business have also been the subject of much research over the ... by the perceived wisdom about the financial growth cycle Panel C of Table sheds further light on these and related issues about the evolution business finance over the growth cycle by showing the ... needed in the early stages These data also speak to the issue of insider finance versus outsider finance and how they vary over the financial growth cycle Like the Wisconsin data, these weighted...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 21:20

... cell -cycle stages examined, and that about one half of the newly synthesized hCdc6p associated with chromatin during the 2-h label period Rates of hCdc6p synthesis To investigate whether the synthesis ... preferentially attacks the phosphorylated form of hCdc6p However, more importantly in the present context, we note that the synthesis of hCdc6p continues through most of the cell cycle Synthesis of hCdc6p ... [35S]methionine for h at the beginning (0–2 h after thymidine-block) and in the middle of S phase (4–6 h), as well as at the end of mitosis and during the early G1 phase (12–14 h) of the next cycle (Fig 2A)...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... that the fatty acid composition of CMR reflects that of the diet [28] and modulates their clearance from the blood by the liver [29] Furthermore, our recent work has established that the fatty acid ... expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity in the cells at the end of the loading period (time 0) and are the mean of three separate experiments Error bars show the SEM The efflux curves were ... support the idea that chylomicron remnants (CMR), the lipoproteins which carry dietary lipids from the gut to the liver, are also proatherogenic [4] Thus, CMR are taken up by and retained in the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... yeast The first hypothesis, previously raised for plant cells [33], involves the synthesis of two kinds of CDP-DAG molecules: the first type containing stearic acid at the sn-1 position would be the ... encoded by the PSI1 gene, alias YBR042C) is the yeast protein responsible for the stearic acid enrichment characteristic of phosphatidylinositol The functional characterization of the other glycerolipid ... in the sn-1 position, whereas unsaturated fatty acids are predominantly found at the sn-2 position [11] We further determined whether Psi1p is responsible for the incorporation of stearic acid...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 22:21