the c programming language answer book pdf

... by the class Constructors The actions required to initialize instances of the class or the class itself Destructors The actions to perform before instances of the class are permanently discarded ... discarded Types The nested types declared by the class Accessibility Meaning public Access not limited protected Access limited to this class and classes derived from this class internal Access limited ... specific instance and can only access static members. A method declared without a static modifier is an instance method. An instance method operates on a specific instance and can access both static

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... of l L character-literal: ’c-char-sequence’ L’c-char-sequence’ c-char-sequence: c-char c-char-sequence c-char c-char: any member of the source character set except the single-quote, backslash, ... backslash, or new-line character escape-sequence universal-character-name escape-sequence: simple-escape-sequence octal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-escape-sequence simple-escape-sequence: one of \’ \" ... h-char h-char: any member of the source character set except new-line and > q-char-sequence: q-char q-char-sequence q-char q-char: any member of the source character set except new-line and " pp-number:

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... time clock might be declared: e xt er n c on st v ol at il e c lo ck ex te rn co ns t vo la ti le cl oc k; Two successive reads of c lo ck might give different results cl oc k A.8 Classes See Chapter ... direct-abstract-declarator: direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-declaration-clause ) cv-qualifier-seqopt exception-specificationopt direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ constant-expressionopt ] ( abstract-declarator ... nested-name-specifier template template-id base-clauseopt class-key: class struct union member-specification: member-declaration member-specificationopt access-specifier : member-specificationopt member-declaration:

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... crucial to the performance of the lookup, and for common and obvious key types such as s tr in g and C-style strings, the overhead of an extra comparison could be sigst ri ng nificant I could have ... synthesized from a less-than operation ma p, sh _m ap (§17.1.4.1) This is because of the call of e q() in the loop that looks through elements with the eq same hash value This loop is crucial ... nificant I could have used a s et En tr y> to represent the set of values that have the same hash value se t cl as s al lo ca to r cl as s al lo ca to r

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... to 25 characters long) from c in is ci n the bottleneck in your system Write an input function that reads such strings as fast as you can think of You can choose the interface to that function ... It encapsulates many cultural differences Locales are implicitly used by the I/O system and are only briefly described here §21.8 C I/O: The p ri nt f() function from the C library and the C library’s ... standard input (c in and error output (c er r) To use other co ut ci n), ce rr devices or files, streams must be created and attached to those files or devices The mechanisms for opening and closing

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... Instance Constructors 343 10.11 Static Constructors 349 10.12 Destructors 352 11 Structs 355 11.1 Struct Declarations 355 11.2 Struct Members 356 11.3 Class and Struct Differences ... 471 20 Generics 473 20.1 Generic Class Declarations 473 20.2 Generic Struct Declarations 484 20.3 Generic Interface Declarations 484 20.4 Generic Delegate Declarations 486 20.5 Constructed Types ... means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. For

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... Introduction 6 1. Introduction declares a class named Stack in a namespace called Acme.Collections . The fully qual- ified name of this class is Acme.Collections.Stack . The class ... , and a constructor. Assuming that the source code of the example is stored in the file acme.cs , the command line csc /t:library acme.cs compiles the example as a library (code without ... component; and they incorporate their own documentation. C# provides language constructs to directly support these concepts, making C# a very natural language in which to create and use software components.

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... that occur during execution of a block, and the try-finally statement is used to specify finalization code that is always executed, whether an exception occurred or not. The checked and unchecked ... modifiers of the class, the name of the class, the base class (if any), and the interfaces implemented by the class. The header is followed by the class body, which consists of a list of member declarations ... allocated to hold the value, and the value is copied into that box. Conversely, when an object reference is cast to a value type, a check is made that the referenced object is a box of the correct

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... 1.6 Classes and Objects 29 1. Introduction 1.6.6 Other Function Members Members that contain executable code are collectively known as the function members of a class. The preceding section describes ... List { const int defaultCapacity = 4; Constant object[] items; int count; Fields public List(): this(defaultCapacity) {} public List(int capacity) { items = new object[capacity]; } Constructors ... other members, instance constructors are not inherited, and a class has no instance constructors other than those actually declared in the class. If no instance constructor is supplied for a class,

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... Ritchie The development of the C language In ACM History of Programming Languages, 1993 http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.pdf This article documents the history of C, its influences, ... is code generation (also called the compiler back-end ), after which the code is processed by an assembler and a linker to produce the executable program • The compiler back-end converts the ... defined by the first edition of The C Programming Language by Kernighan and Ritchie in 1978 This version is now called “classic C” or “K&R C”, and has significant differences to ISO C The most noticeable

Ngày tải lên: 11/12/2017, 17:10

... THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE "'YC{9//6W ( BWf ) Library of Congress Calaloging in Publicolion Dato KERNICHAN, BRIAN W The C programming language lncludes index l C (Computer program language) ... struct-declaration struc t- dec larat i on struc t- dec l- I i st struct-declaration: type- spec struc ifier struct-dec larator- I i st ; t- de c lar a to r - I i st : struct-declarator struct-dec ... itself Again because the language reflects the capabilities of current computers, C programs tend to be efficient enough that there is no compulsiofl tcr write assembly language instead The most obvious

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2019, 14:27

... string cs to string ct; return ct char *strchr(cs,c) return pointer to first occurrence of c in cs or NULL if not present char *strrchr(cs,c) return pointer to last occurrence of c in cs or NULL ... isalpha(c) isupper(c) or islower(c) is true iscntrl(c) control character isdigit(c) decimal digit isgraph(c) printing character except space islower(c) lower-case letter isprint(c) printing character ... present among the first n characters place character c into first n characters of s, return s B.4 Mathematical Functions: The header declares mathematical functions and macros The macros EDOM and

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2019, 14:34

... block, would export the declaration to the rest of the file The Standard makes it clear that the scope of such a declaration is just the block • The scope of parameters is injected into a function's ... SECOND EDITION THE lNG GUAGE BRIAN W KERNIGHAN DENNIS M RITCHIE PRENTICE HALL SOFTWARE SERIES THE c PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Second Edition THE c PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Second Edition Brian ... • The Standard introduces (borrowing from C++) the notion of a function prototype declaration that incorporates the types of the parameters, and includes an explicit recognition of variadic functions

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2020, 21:51

... extern. In certain circumstances, the extern declaration can be omitted. If the definition of the external variable occurs in the source file before its use in a particular function, then there is ... file3 to connect the occurrences of the variable. The usual practice is to collect extern declarations of variables and functions in a separate file, historically called a header, that is included ... A character constant is an integer, written as one character within single quotes, such as 'x'. The value of a character constant is the numeric value of the character in the machine's...

Ngày tải lên: 14/11/2012, 17:10

... to indicate how a collec- tion should be serialized. You can set the name of the collection, the name of elements within the collection, and the XML namespace associated with the collection. • : ... later, the Photo Service responds, letting us know of any issues or if the account creation was successful. For any issues, we need to notify the user. If the account creation was successful, ... between the server and the client as previously mentioned. Chapter 3: Desktop Client Operations NOTE Some examples later in the book, such as the client application for Chapter 6, don’t use the credential...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 06:20

... unlike the Java language. Also, the fact that the declaration order is insignificant in C# is unlike the C+ + language. n n  Notice in the previous example the using Acme.Collections ... instance field. Every instance of a class contains a separate copy of all the instance fields of that class. In the following example, each instance of the Color class has a separate copy of the ... acme.cs, the command line csc /t:library acme.cs compiles the example as a library (code without a Main entry point) and produces an assembly named acme.dll. Assemblies contain executable code...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 17:20

... S St ta ac ck k: :p pu us sh h(s st ta ac ck k s s, c ch ha ar r c c) { /* check s for overflow and push c */ } c ch ha ar r S St ta ac ck k: :p po op p(s st ta ac ck k s s) { /* check s for ... implementation could consist of everything from the concrete class S St ta ac ck k that we left out of the interface S St ta ac ck k: c cl la as ss s A Ar rr ra ay y_ _s st ta ac ck k : p pu ub bl li ic c ... ta ac ck k: :p po op p() { /* check for underflow and pop */ } The user code goes in a third file, say u us se er r .c c. The code in u us se er r .c c and s st ta ac ck k .c c shares the stack interface...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 13:20