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... extracting text from name cards: 1) Variation of background color and text color (varying from line to line); 2) Complex graphical foregrounds like logos or pictures; 3) Large variation of the text ... visual perception in identifying text lines regardless of text or background colors, foreground objects and text size variation Julesz [9, 10] introduced the concept of texton in his theory on human ... Julesz’s theory, texture discrimination can be done before the detection of textons because the differences between textons can be detected without the conscious effort of recognizing the textons This...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 14:54

... maximum face width ranges from 20 m to 30 m b = Fig 29.2 Face width of helical gear 1068 n A Textbook of Machine Design In single helical gears, the helix angle ranges from 20° to 35°, while ... MPa = 618 N/mm2 Module and face width Let m = Module in mm, and b = Face width in mm 1070 n A Textbook of Machine Design Since both the pinion and gear are made of the same material (i.e cast ... transmitted by the gear, T = P × 60 35 × 103 × 60 = = 223 N-m = 223 × 103 N-mm 2πN π × 1500 1072 n A Textbook of Machine Design Formative or equivalent number of teeth, TG 24 24 = = = 37 T'E = 3 cos...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 13:15

... intersect at an angle other than a right angle, then they are known as angular bevel gears 1082 n A Textbook of Machine Design Crown bevel gears When the bevel gears connect two shafts whose axes intersect ... diameter is given by Dd = DP – 2d cos θP where Dd = Inside diameter, and d = Dedendum 1084 n A Textbook of Machine Design 30.4 Determination of Pitch Angle for Determina mination for Bevel Gears ... = Actual number of teeth on the gear = where RB m Pitch circle diameter   Module  1086 n A Textbook of Machine Design Notes : The action of bevel gears will be same as that of equivalent spur...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 20:15

... 1102 n A Textbook of Machine Design The worm gearing is classified as non-interchangeable, because a worm wheel ... mating worm gear, when the shafts are at right angles Fig 31.3 Worm and Worm gear 1104 n A Textbook of Machine Design Lead It is the linear distance through which a point on a thread moves ... circle diameter of the worm gear We know that linear velocity of the worm, l NW vW = 60 1106 n A Textbook of Machine Design and linear velocity of the worm gear, π DG N G vG = 60 Since the linear...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 20:15

... the text of the book However, at certain places the questions with sub-standard values have to be included, keeping in view the merits of the question from the reader’s angle 8 n A Textbook ... the very basics of science and technology today 6 n A Textbook of Machine Design The derived units, which will be commonly used in this book, are given in Table 1.2 Deriv ived units Table 1.2 ... 2 n 1.2 A Textbook of Machine Design Classifications of Machine Design The machine design may be classified...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 00:17

... metal varies from 90 MPa to 150 MPa * For complete details, please refer authors’ popular book ‘A Text Book of Workshop Technology’ Engineering Materials and their Properties n 45 In its pure ... * For further details, refer Chapter (Art 6.3) on Variable Stresses in Machine Parts 20 n A Textbook of Machine Design expressed in numbers which are dependent on the method of making the test ... iron makes our hands black, then it shows that free graphite is present in cast iron 22 n A Textbook of Machine Design are chilled at their outer skin by contact of the molten iron with the...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 00:17

... forced over it * For complete details, please refer to Authors' popular book ‘A Text Book of Workshop Technology’ 60 n A Textbook of Machine Design 3.10 Cold Working The working of metals below ... castings and for aluminium base alloys upto 500 000 castings Sand Casting Investment Casting 56 n A Textbook of Machine Design (e) It requires less floor area for equivalent production by other casting ... 750 – 1250 High carbon and alloy steel 800 – 1150 Copper, brass and bronze 600 – 950 58 3.6 n A Textbook of Machine Design Forging Design In designing a forging, the following points should always...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 00:17

... 88 n A Textbook of Machine Design Dead or steady load A load is said to be a dead or steady load, when it ... × δl It is named after Robert Hooke, who first established it by experiments in 1678 90 n A Textbook of Machine Design where E is a constant of proportionality known as Young's modulus or modulus ... between the nut and the plate are of 22 mm internal diameter and 44 mm external diameter 92 n A Textbook of Machine Design If the base plate carries a load of 120 kN (including self-weight, which...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 00:17

... π π × d4 + × d4 = × d4 64 64 32 π π × d4× = × τ × d3 T = τ× d 16 32 J = IXX + IYY = ∴ 122 n A Textbook of Machine Design In case of a hollow shaft with external diameter (do) and internal diameter ... 103 N-mm Now let us find the diameter of the shaft based on the strength and stiffness 124 n A Textbook of Machine Design Considering strength of the shaft We know that the torque transmitted (T), ... then C1 = C2 = C θ = θ1 + θ2 = ∴ θ = T l1 T l2 T  l1 l2  + = J + J  CJ1 CJ C  2 126 n A Textbook of Machine Design Fig 5.2 Shafts in series and parallel When the driving torque (T) is applied...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 00:17

... 182 n A Textbook of Machine Design half a revolution, the point B occupies the position of point A and the ... endurance limit and stress ratio may be used Stress ratio, R = !'e = 3!e 2#R 184 where 6.4 n A Textbook of Machine Design !'e = Endurance limit for any stress range represented by R !e = Endurance ... example of the current chapter above factors is not known, it may be taken as unity 186 6.8 n A Textbook of Machine Design Relation Between Endurance Limit and Ultimate Tensile Strength Relation...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... longitudinally) splitting the cylinder into two cylindrical shells, as shown in Fig 7.1 (b) 226 n A Textbook of Machine Design Thus the wall of a cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure ... by a plane at right angles to the axis of the cylinder is called transverse section 228 n A Textbook of Machine Design From equations (i) and (ii), we have !t2 × ∋(d.t = p ∀ ∋ (d ) p∀d or 4t ... ; F = 25 kN = 25 × 103 N ; !tc = 30 MPa = 30 N/mm2 : %H = 80% = 0.8 ; %P = 60% = 0.6 230 n A Textbook of Machine Design Thickness of pressure tank We know that thickness of pressure tank, t =...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... 262 8.2 n A Textbook of Machine Design Stresses in Pipes The stresses in pipes due to the internal fluid pressure ... radius 150 mm (i.e when x = 150 mm), ∀ (150)2 # !t6 = %1 ∃ & + − + MPa Ans (150)2 ) ( 264 n A Textbook of Machine Design Fig 8.1 Radial stresses at radius 100 mm, 110 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 140 mm ... of constant ‘C’ Material Cast iron Mild steel Zinc and Copper Lead Constant (C) in mm 266 n A Textbook of Machine Design Example 8.2 A seamless pipe carries 2400 m3 of steam per hour at a pressure...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... 282 n A Textbook of Machine Design The permanent fastenings are those fastenings which can not be disassembled ... (below 12 mm diameter) as shown in Fig 9.3, according to IS : 2155 – 1982 (Reaffirmed 1996) 284 A Textbook of Machine Design n Fig 9.3 Rivet heads for general purposes (below 12 mm diameter) Rivet ... depending upon the way in which the plates are connected Lap joint, and Butt joint 286 9.8 n A Textbook of Machine Design Lap Joint A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... on both sides Fig 10.3 Types of butt joints * For further details, refer author’s popular book ‘A Textbook of Workshop Technology’ Welded Joints n 345 The butt joints may be Square butt joint, ... welding, the parts to be jointed are first heated to a proper temperature in a furnace or 344 n A Textbook of Machine Design forge and then hammered This method of welding is rarely used now-a-days ... 342 n A Textbook of Machine Design 10.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Joints over Riveted Joints...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... 378 n A Textbook of Machine Design The parts may be rigidly connected or provisions may be made for predetermined ... are used for general purposes e.g on bolts, nuts, screws and tapped holes The various 380 n A Textbook of Machine Design proportions are shown in Fig 11.4 Fig 11.4 American national standard thread ... is given as additional information and is not a direct example of the current chapter 382 n A Textbook of Machine Design Fig 11.10 Basic profile of the thread d = Diameter of nut; D = Diameter...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... 432 n A Textbook of Machine Design 12.2 Types of Cotter Joints Following are the three commonly used cotter ... have P = d2 × t × ! c From this equation, the induced crushing stress may be checked 434 n A Textbook of Machine Design Failure of the socket in tension across the slot We know that the resisting ... the outer diameter (d4) and maximum at the inner diameter (d2), as shown in Fig 12.8 436 n A Textbook of Machine Design The maximum bending moment occurs at the centre of the cotter and is given...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... For further details, please refer chapter on ‘Governors’ of authors’ popular book on ‘Theory of Machines’ 582 n A Textbook of Machine Design We know that reaction at the fulcrum F, RF = W # P2 ... axis, and b = Minor axis The major axis is usually taken as to 2.5 times the minor axis 562 n A Textbook of Machine Design For I-section, it is assumed that the bending moment is taken by flanges ... 150 = 900 × 950 = 855 000 ) RQ = 855 000 / 150 = 5700 N Ans 184.4 × 103 = .(∵ ∋b = ∋t) 564 n A Textbook of Machine Design These levers are used to change railway tracks Since the forces at P and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2014, 06:20

... columns which have lengths more than 30 times their diameter are called long columns 602 n A Textbook of Machine Design derived an equation, for the buckling load of long columns based on the ... have ∃cr = C !2 E ∀ 330 (l / k )2 % 9.87 % 0.21 % 106 (l / k ) ∀ 330 (Taking C = 1) 604 n A Textbook of Machine Design (l / k)2 = 6281 # l / k = 79.25 say 80 Hence if the slenderness ratio is ... IYY = / 12 12 ∋10 (200)3 ( (400 – 20) 103 = 2) ∗& 12 + 12 , = 13.36 × 106 mm4 Fig 16.3 606 n A Textbook of Machine Design Since IYY is less than IXX, therefore the section will tend to buckle about...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 15:20

... (d) Nut (D) 10 10 10.5 12 12 12.5 10 Depth of thread Area of core (Ac) mm2 50.3 78.5 626 n A Textbook of Machine Design d1 d D dc p h H Ac 14 14 14.5 12 16 16 16.5 14 18 18 18.5 16 201 20 20 ... 44 44.5 37 1075 Nut (h) Area of core (Ac) mm2 (H) 2.5 3.5 2.75 3.25 3.75 346 531 855 628 n A Textbook of Machine Design d1 d D dc (46) 46 46.5 38 48 48 48.5 40 50 50 50.5 42 1385 52 52 52.5 44 ... 66 12 6.25 14 7.25 16 8.5 1320 1521 1662 1810 1886 2124 2290 2463 2734 3019 3217 3421 630 n A Textbook of Machine Design d1 d D dc 85 (88) 90 (92) 95 (96) 85 88 90 92 95 96 86 89 91 93 96 99 67...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 15:20

... speed Prove the statement 714 n A Textbook of Machine Design YPE UEST O BJECT IVE T YP E Q UE ST IO N S The material suitable for the belts used in agricultural equipments is (a) cotton (b) rubber ... becomes sticky The strength of balata belts is 25 per cent higher than rubber belts 680 n A Textbook of Machine Design 18.6 Working Stresses in Belts orking Stresses The ultimate strength of ... fastened to the belt ends and connected by a steel or fibre pin as shown in Fig 18.3 (d) 682 n A Textbook of Machine Design (a) Comented joint Flesh side Hair side (b) Straight-stitch raw hide laced...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 15:20