tables descriptive statistics and histograms in spss

... A Clinician’s Guide to Statistics and Epidemiology in Mental Health A Clinician’s Guide to Statistics and Epidemiology in Mental Health Measuring Truth and Uncertainty S Nassir Ghaemi ... science And if physics involves uncertainty, how much more uncertainty is there in medicine? Human beings are much more uncertain than atoms and electrons The practical results of statistics in medicine ... medicine are undeniable If nothing else had been achieved but two things – in the nineteenth century, the end of bleeding, purging, and leeching as a result of Louis’ studies (Louis, 1835); and in...

Ngày tải lên: 24/09/2012, 09:06

... from DVD sales and rentals in EU MS in 2001 4.5: DVDs sold and rented in the EU and US in 2000 and 2001 4.6: DVD sold in EU MS in 2000 and 2001 4.7: DVDs rented in EU MS in 2000 and 2001 4.8: ... minutes), Finland and Austria (+42 minutes) , Denmark (+38 minutes), Sweden (+26 minutes) and the Netherlands (+10 minutes) In Hungary, people watch TV 173 minutes longer, daily, than listening ... price in Japan increased 96% and in US by 76% during the nineties Also in Switzerland and Iceland the average ticket price was higher than in any EU country: 9.4 euro and 8.7 euro respectively In...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 14:20

... it is in the lefthand side then it must be in B ∪ C, i.e., in B or in C or in both, therefore it is also in the righthand side If ω ∈ A and it is in the righthand side, then it must be in either ... B ∩ C, therefore it is also in / / the righthand side If ω ∈ A and it is in the righthand side, then it must be both in B and in C, / therefore it is in the lefthand side • c Prove that A ∩ (B ... personal income in New York State in a given month Meteorology: the rainfall in a given month Uncertainty: the exact date of Noah’s birth Indeterminacy: The closing of the Dow Jones industrial...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 12:27

... results (3.75) and (3.78) of the non-perturbative calculation in this regime Furthermore, in the 1/g order [which means keeping only linear in terms in (3.84) and neglecting !i in denominator of Eq ... di!erent in the metallic regime X;1 (in this case X"1/g) and in the insulating one X

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:14

... it is in the lefthand side then it must be in B ∪ C, i.e., in B or in C or in both, therefore it is also in the righthand side If ω ∈ A and it is in the righthand side, then it must be in either ... B ∩ C, therefore it is also in / / the righthand side If ω ∈ A and it is in the righthand side, then it must be both in B and in C, / therefore it is in the lefthand side • c Prove that A ∩ (B ... personal income in New York State in a given month Meteorology: the rainfall in a given month Uncertainty: the exact date of Noah’s birth Indeterminacy: The closing of the Dow Jones industrial...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... cdf is in (−∞, 2), 1/36 in [2,3), 3/36 in [3,4), 6/36 in [4,5), 10/36 in [5,6), 15/36 in [6,7), 21/36 in [7,8), 26/36 on [8,9), 30/36 in [9,10), 33/36 in [10,11), 35/36 on [11,12), and in [12, ... the intersection of a declining set sequence And a converging sequence of nonnegative εi which is not declining has a declining subsequence A cumulative distribution function need not be continuous ... (1/36,3/36], in (3/36,6/36], in (6/36,10/36], in (10/36,15/36], in (15/36,21/36], in (21/36,26/36], in (26/36,30/36], 10 in (30/36,33/36], 11 in (33/36,35/36], and 12 in (35/36,1] 76 RANDOM VARIABLES q...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... hiding in the back, and whenever a customer steps up to the counter and rings the bell, they toss a coin If the coin shows head, Herbert serves 154 SPECIFIC RANDOM VARIABLES the customer, and ... r since the integrand in (5.5.12) is the density function of a Gamma distribution with parameters r and λ − t 162 SPECIFIC RANDOM VARIABLES Problem 99 points The density and moment generating ... Pr[y=m and x=n]? Use a trick: express this intersection as the intersection of independent events For this define z as the number of events in the interval (t, 1] Then {y=m and x=n} = {y=m and z=n...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... and y are two independent random variables uniformly distributed over [0, 1] Define u = min(x, y) and v = max(x, y) • a Draw in the x, y plane the event {max(x, y) ≤ 0.5 and min(x, y) > 0.4} and ... 136 If the vector random variables x and y have the property that xi is independent of every y j for all i and j, does that make x and y independent random vectors? Interestingly, the answer is ... Problem 140 points Given two independent random variables x and y with density functions fx (x) and gy (y) Write down their joint, marginal, and conditional densities Answer Joint density: fx,y...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... their values are contained in a linear subspace This has relevance for estimators involving singular random variables: two such estimators (i.e., functions of a singular random variable) should ... r dr, the inner integral becomes − 2π e−t = 2π ; therefore the whole integral is Therefore the product of the integrals of the marginal densities is 1, and since each such marginal integral is ... determined by mean and standard deviation, the bivariate normal is determined by the two means µu and µv , the two standard deviations σu and σv , and the correlation coefficient ρ 10.3.2 Level Lines...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... determined by the joint distribution of x and y However the line representing the underlying relationship can only be determined if one has information in addition to the joint density, i.e., in ... permanent income hypothesis, drawing at random families in a given country and asking them about their income y and consumption c can be modeled as the independent observations of two random variables ... underlying line is that it lies between the line predicting y on the basis of x and the line predicting x on the basis of y The name “regression” stems from a confusion between the prediction line and...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... continuous function g which is and nonincreasing for x < and nondecreasing for x > (13.2.3) E[g(|x − θ|)] ≤ E[g(|y − θ|)] 360 13 ESTIMATION PRINCIPLES for every continuous and nondecreasing function ... the “indicator function” for nonnegative values, satisfying q(y) = if y ≥ and otherwise We will be working with the random variable which one obtains by inserting the j th observation y j into ... likelihood principle is equivalent to the combination of two simpler principles: the weak sufficiency principle, and the following principle, which seems very plausible: Weak Conditonality Principle:...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... disparity in hiring rates • b point What would this percentage have to be if training tripled (instead of doubling) one’s chances of getting the job? Answer If training tripled one’s chances of being ... the hiring rates? Answer Since 60% of whites are hired and 40% of the minority group, rm = 60/40 = 1.5 Training is the factor x Sind persons with training had twice the chance of getting the ... the firms discriminated in hiring? Answer Assuming that the population is in nite, the question is: if one makes 100 independent random drawings from a population that contains 40% minorities, what...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... things Holland defines: x is not a Granger cause of y relative to the information in z (which in the timeseries context contains the past values of y) if and only if x and y are conditionally independent ... the dark blue line starting at the origin, and Dy is cy, the red line starting on x1 and going up to the peak As an additional mathematical tool we will need the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality for ... property (in addition to minimizing the SSE and being the BLUE): no other linear combination of the explanatory variables has a higher squared sample ˆ correlation with y than y = X β ˆ In the proof...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... between y and x You are allowed to use the results of Problems 229 and 240 To set notation, call the minimum MSE in the first prediction (Problem 229) MSE[constant term; y], and the minimum MSE in the ... first and have second highest correlation, and so on Here is the mathematical construction needed: Let x and y be two column vectors consisting of p and q scalar random variables, respectively, and ... Given the constant scalars a = and c = and b and d arbitrary Show that corr[x, y] = ± corr[ax + b, cy + d], with the + sign being valid if a and c have the same sign, and the − sign otherwise Answer...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... to virus attacks and breakins In Linux, the user is the master of the computer and can exploit its full potential • You spend too much time pointing and clicking In GNU/Linux and other unix systems, ... put the following two lines into your batch files For interactive use on X-terminals you must comment them out again (by putting /* in front and */ after them) 21.5 INSTRUCTIONS FOR STATISTICS 5969, ... character-based terminal or in X-windows On a character-based terminal you simply type emacs In a windows setting, it is probably available in one of the menus, but you can also get into it by just typing emacs...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... this lefthand side; it is amazing and surprising that it is exactly the population equivalent of the F -test for testing α = in the regression with intercept It can be estimated by replacing α2 ... MSE-matrices are singular, i.e., both estimators allow an error-free look at certain linear combinations of the parameter vector ˆ • b point Give two vectors g = [ g1 ] and h = h1 satisfying MSE[g φ; ... noncentral F has a noncentral χ2 in numerator and a central one in denominator.) The testing principle is therefore: compare the observed value with the upper α point of a F distribution with noncentrality...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... true β Barnard’s suggestion has not found entrance into the textbooks and indeed, since linear estimators in model (25.0.12) are unbiased if and only if they have bounded MSE, it might be considered ... one can not only unify some known results in linear estimation and prediction, but one also obtains a far-reaching analogy between linear estimation of β and quadratic estimation of σ The most ... β in this transformed model is (26.0.2) ˆ β = (X P P X)−1 X P P y = (X Ψ−1 X)−1 X Ψ−1 y ˆ This β is the BLUE of β in model (26.0.1), and since estimators which are linear ˆ in P y are also linear...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... linear bounded MSE predictor of z based on y, µ, and ν • a Give special cases of this specification in which µ and ν are constant and y and z random, and one in which µ and ν and y are random and ... constant, and one in which µ and ν are random and y and z are constant 710 27 BEST LINEAR PREDICTION Answer If µ and ν are constant, they are written µ and ν From this follows µ = E [y] and y Ω ... µ, and ν are jointly distributed random vectors First assume ν and µ are observed, but y and z are not Assume we know that in this case, the best linear bounded MSE predictor of y and z is µ and...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... line, with the intersection of these straight lines being the corner point in the multiple regression of y on x1 and x2 Which three points are on the same line, and how can these two lines be characterized? ... corresponding β = β satisfies the constraint This β is the solution of the constrained minimization problem we are looking for ˆ ˆ Problem 339 points Show the following: If β = β is the unconstrained minimum ... graphical intuition of the issues in sequential regression Make sure the stand-alone program xgobi is installed on your computer (in Debian GNU-Linux apt-get install xgobi), and the Rinterface...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20