symbols terminology and nomenclature

... of a right triangle equals the square of the hypotenuse.) 198 Team-LRN Important Symbols, Terminology, Formulas, and General Mathematical Information Important Equivalents Memorizing the following ... mL) = liter (l, or L) 1000 liters = kiloliter (kl, or kL) 200 Team-LRN Important Symbols, Terminology, Formulas, and General Mathematical Information Mass — gram Common measures: 1000 milligrams ... with opposite sides parallel Octagon — An eight-sided polygon Team-LRN Important Symbols, Terminology, Formulas, and General Mathematical Information Circles Radius of a circle — A line segment...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 14:20

... definition of the terms used and – as far as the documentation is concerned – standardized graphical symbols These symbols help us represent control systems or measurement and control tasks as well ... their SAMSON AG ⋅ 00/03 device-related solution in a simple and clear manner Fundamentals ⋅ Terminology and Symbols in Control Engineering Terminology in Control Engineering To maintain a physical ... and amplifies the output signal of the controller, whereas the final control element – as part of the controlled system – manipulates the mass and energy flow Fundamentals ⋅ Terminology and Symbols...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:55

... Algorithm A3 and A8 (m/f) Required for authentication and to determine Kc Key Ki (m/f) Individual value; known only on SIM and the HLR Key Kc (m/v) Result of A8, Ki, and random number (RAND) CKSN ... functionality mobile equipment has to support and what features are optional The most important and mandatory features are: 18 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation • DTMF capability; ... 3.1.1.4 Input and Output Filters Both input and output filters are used to limit the bandwidth of the received and the transmitted signals The input filter typically is a nonadjustable wideband filter...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2012, 10:04

... system and when? How is such an indication interpreted? What are the potential sources of errors? GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation A word on coding of parameters and messages ... equipment and in practical work, message names usually are abbreviated Most GSM and ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) Recommendations list the well-defined abbreviations and acronyms, ... infrastruc- ture and access lines • All cellular networks require that, as the mobile station moves, an active call is handed over from one cell to another, a process known as handover 4 GSM Networks:...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 03:20

... 5/16 Single-Bevel-Groove and Double Fillet Weld Symbol 5/16 5/16 Single-Bevel-Groove and Double Fillet weld Symbols Chain Intermittent Fillet Weld Weld both sides each end and 10 inches center to ... tangent of the arrow and the reference line means welding to be all around Field Weld Symbol A flag at the tangent of the reference line and arrow means Field Weld Weld Symbol Terminology OTHER ... Groove Angle included angle of countersink for plug welds Root opening; Depth of filling for plug and slot welds S(E) Length of weld L-P OTHER SIDE ARROW SIDE FIELD WELD (N) Number of spot, seam,...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 19:20

... sequences of symbols which might have been selected and showed that H = n log s Here n is the number of symbols selected, and s is the number of different symbols in the set from which symbols are ... understanding by studying words and their relations Rather, science looks for things in nature, including our human nature and activities, which can be grouped together and understood Such understanding ... C’ to the left of line segment A’B’ and D’ to the right of A’B’ and locate the corresponding points C and D in the square Draw a curve connecting C and D and crossing the curve from A to B Where...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 12:05

... Architecture and Tasks of the Base Station Controller 26 Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit 28 Function of the Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit 28 Site Selection for Transcoding Rate and Adaptation ... Hierarchy and Frame Numbers 90 Synchronization Between Uplink and Downlink 93 Physical Versus Logical Channels 94 Logical-Channel Configuration 94 viii GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation ... system and when? How is such an indication interpreted? What are the potential sources of errors? GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation A word on coding of parameters and messages...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... Algorithm A3 and A8 (m/f) Required for authentication and to determine Kc Key Ki (m/f) Individual value; known only on SIM and the HLR Key Kc (m/v) Result of A8, Ki, and random number (RAND) CKSN ... functionality mobile equipment has to support and what features are optional The most important and mandatory features are: 18 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation • DTMF capability; ... Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation Voice decoding The Mobile Station and the Subscriber Identity Module 15 ID-1 SIM GSM SIM Plug-in SIM Figure 2.2 Plug-in SIM and ID-1 SIM 2.1.1 The...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... 3.1.1.4 Input and Output Filters Both input and output filters are used to limit the bandwidth of the received and the transmitted signals The input filter typically is a nonadjustable wideband filter ... is to decide when a handover should take place The BSC may decide on intra-BTS handover and intra-BSC handover without needing the MSC In contrast, for all BSC external handovers, the BSC needs ... supervised and managed by an OMC via the BSC 28 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation 3.3 Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit 3.3.1 Function of the Transcoding Rate and Adaptation...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... Only the SIM and the HLR know the value of Ki is, the signed response (SRES), the random number (RAND), and Kc For each subscriber, up to five such triplets can be calculated at a time and sent to ... BSS, for which the MSC is responsible, and the functionality to perform and control 36 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation inter-MSC handover That defines two of the main tasks ... mentions the interface between the AuC and the HLR and has even assigned it a name, the H-interface, it was never specified in sufficient detail to be a standalone entity The only major function...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... of Layer is that of error detection and correction Data frames are formed by introducing start/stop marks and by 44 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation calculation of checksums ... Layer and the Network Layer At the time when OSI was defined, it was essential to rely on a powerful Layer 4, since Layers and could not handle this task alone The difference between Layers and ... the air interface and the Abis interface 48 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation coordinate the whole process, while others work onsite to all the packing and unpacking The...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... file Command/Response Bit The command/response (C/R) bit determines whether a message contains a command, an answer, or an acknowledgment of a command, as illustrated in Figure 6.9 and Table ... N(S) and N(R) The BTS sends an I frame and increments its counter N(S) The BSC receives the I frame, increments counter N(R), 64 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation and sends ... (SAPI 62 and 63) and Layer information for connection setup and release (SAPI 0) SAPI is allocated to the RSL and carries user signaling, that is, all messages for connection setup and release...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... channel for every handover (synchronized and nonsynchronized) The only exception is the intra-BTS handover via ASS_CMD Like the CHAN_REQ, the HND_ACC does not follow the standard format and is sent ... 120 ms = 240 ms That explains the difference in length between TS and TS on one hand and TS through TS on the other Figures 7.6 and 7.7 show that a GSM 900 system can send the BCCH SYS-INFO 1–4 ... service area and the frequency situation, to optimize the configuration Experience with the average and maximum loads that are expected for a BTS and how the load is shared between signaling and payload...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation Possible confusion is based on the unusual length (14 bits) of OPC and DPC on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the results from the ... 130 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation and the signaling information field (SIF) The SIO1 is further partitioned into the subservice field (SSF) and the service indicator (SI), ... MSU/SLTM with DPC and OPC Establishment of Layer from MSC ¡ BSC MSU/SLTM with DPC and OPC Establishment of Layer from BSC ¡ MSC MSU/SLTM with DPC and OPC MSU/SLTM with DPC and OPC SS7 in service...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... MSU end 158 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation • Mandatory fixed part The parameters of this part are mandatory and of fixed length, and their order is fixed That allows ... know the SLR, DLR, and when the CC message was received, and the two parameters are then used as identifiers for sender and addressee 168 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation ... title 164 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation Format of Calling-Party Address and Called-Party Address Figure 9.9 presents the format of CaPA and CdPA as used by the MAP This...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... Direction Description 11 HaNDover ReQuireD BSC ¡ MSC The BSC uses this message to request a handover from the MSC (only intra-MSC and inter-MSC handover) The best candidates for the handover are the most ... message, which was prepared by the new BSC and shall be sent to the MS via the MSC and the old BSC 13 HaNDover CoMmanD MSC ¡ BSC Is used for every handover that is controlled by the MSC, in order ... Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation • The BSSMAP includes all messages exchanged between the BSC and the MSC that are actually processed by the BSC Examples are PAGING, HND_CMD, and the RESET...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... receives commands and answers from the application that are conveyed to the peer entity via TCAP and the remaining layers of the OSI Reference Model On the other hand, MAP receives commands and answers ... 11111bin and indicates that the TAG is expanded • The actual TAG value of 0000 1000 1010 1110bin needs to be coded within bytes and and then be inserted right-aligned Bit may not be used and leading ... coded according to the same scheme (Figure 11.5), and there is no distinction between mandatory and 190 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation Length TAG Content Figure 11.5...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... external handover is another term for this type of handover In contrast to the intra-BTS handover and the intra-BSC handover, the MSC mandatorily is in charge for the execution of the intra-MSC handover ... Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation BSC BTS Scenarios BTS 263 BSC TRX MSC BTS BSC TRX Figure 12.15 The intra-MSC handover 12.5.3.5 Inter-MSC Handover and Subsequent Handover Inter-MSC Handover ... network operator and executed when necessary (The handover types are described in Section 12.5.3.) The decisions of whether a handover should be performed and if so the type of handover chosen...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21

... capabilities and search functionality, the essential information has to be extracted Besides, a thorough understanding of the various scenarios and protocols is mandatory 13.3 Tips and Tricks During ... separated for MOC and MTC, and the number of handovers, based on DL_QUALITY, are more examples of such counters, to name only a few The OMC has some advantages in detecting existing and potential ... information about the state and quality of the network Examples are counters for the number of incoming or outgoing handovers; call drops before, during, and after assignment; and dropped calls due...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 02:21